STATE OF THE WORLD'S CITIES 2012/2013 Prosperity

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oad infrastructure in Africa poses a major challenge to mobility and prosperity and is an important source of congestion. In addition to this, poor maintenance is a major problem: only 18.5 per cent of experts across African cities believe that infrastructure is systematically maintained. Some African cities have taken innovative steps to enhance mobility and tackle traffic congestion. Lagos introduced Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in 2008. South Africa’s Gauteng Province launched in 2010 the ‘Gautrain’, a stateof-the-art 80-km mass rapid transit railway system. Cities like Nairobi and Dakar have achieved significant progress in the development of road infrastructure increasing prosperity prospects. Significant improvements in road infrastructure in Asian cities: In recent years, various Asian countries have embarked on ambitious programmes of road development and expansion. In 1997, India started the Golden Quadrilateral motorway to connect the country’s largest cities – Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai. An East- West corridor has also been recently completed, not just improving connections between cities but also opening up the hinterlands. In China, cities have been at the forefront of massive infrastructure development with emphasis on new roads and subway systems. The urban road network more than doubled between 1990 and 2003, 19 largely contributing to urbanization and economic growth. Cities like Beijing and Shanghai have extended infrastructure to suburban areas in a bid to match spatial expansion. Beijing currently allocates 30 per cent of its construction budget to mass transit20 and Shanghai spends 10 per cent of its GDP on infrastructure, of which 40 per cent is for transportation. Singapore’s public transportation system is considered to be one of the most integrated and well-planned in the world. In addition, adequate facilities are provided for pedestrians with a safe and comfortable walking environment that enhances quality of life. In major Asian Massive economic FACT cities, some growth in Asia, particularly 11 per cent of land space is devoted to China and India, has roads, well below the spurred spectacular 20–30 per cent rate increases in the numbers common in US cities. of motor vehicles. This has contributed to traffic congestion, air and noise pollution, road accidents and energy use in the region. In India, 21 In Indian cities, the proportion varies from 21 per cent in Delhi to 11 per cent in Mumbai to five per cent in Kolkata. 22 53 FACT Urban Infrastructure: Bedrock of Prosperity A notable feature of the transport system in African cities is the virtual absence of State-operated public transport. The private sector is the major provider of transport services, often in the form of secondhand mini- and microbuses, shared taxis, and more recently commercial motorcycles. 17 The needs of pedestrians are hardly taken into consideration despite the fact that walking accounts for over 60–70 per cent of trips in cities such as Conakry, Douala or Kinshasa. 18 the number of passenger vehicles increased by nine million, or 12.9 per cent, between 2007 and 2008. 23 In China, the number of vehicles increased 10-fold between 1990 and 2002; of particular significance is the increase in motorcycles and scooters, which increased from just 200,000 in 1981 to 50 million in 2002. Latin America and the Caribbean region features the highest level of motorization in the developing world: the region has five times more cars than sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, and about twice as many as the Middle East and North Africa. 26 Motorization in the region increased from 100 vehicles per 1,000 in 1990 to 155 in 2005, before reaching 169:1,000 in 2008. Rising incomes, expanding middle classes, high levels of urbanization, an expanding local automobile industry, and availability of low-cost vehicles are the major forces driving motorization in the region. As a result, cities in the region experience severe traffic congestion. A great majority of experts in the UN-Habitat survey (over 80 per cent) indicate that the roads in their respective cities are congested, costing the region USD2.2 billion a year in lost productivity. 27 In India, public FACT transport accounts for only 22 per cent of urban trips among ever-increasing numbers of private vehicles. Time spent in traffic deteriorates quality of life, causing pollution, traffic accidents, increased fuel consumption and emission of greenhouse gases. In São Paulo, public transport as a share of all trips declined from 46 per cent in 1977 to 33 per cent in 1997 and 24 A greater proportion of these vehicles are concentrated in only a few cities: New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Bangalore, which host five per cent of India’s population but 14 per cent of registered vehicles. 25 Cities must POLICy address the road congestion problems that adversely affect their prosperity
State of the World’s Cities 2012/2013 FACT A trend closely associated with motorization in Latin American and Caribbean cities is the decreasing share of public transport. POLICy It would be in the best interests of cities to develop sustainable public transport solutions that have positive repercussions on all ‘spokes’ of prosperity. down to 29 per cent in 2001. 28 In Havana, the total number of public transport users declined from 3.5 million in 1991 FACT Bogotá and Curitiba feature the highest shares of dedicated bus lanes in the region, which have served as models for BRT across the world. to 540,000 in 2011. 29 In Guadalajara the use of private cars increased from 30 to 50 per cent of all trips between the years 2000 and 2010, while the number of public transport users declined from 60 to Curitiba, Brazil: a tubular bus station and sleek, modern bus, part of the city’s integrated transport system. © Paul Smith/Panos Pictures 54 30 per cent. 30 Factors behind these sharp declines include a poor perception of public bus services; lack of information on availability, routes and schedules; crime and safety concerns; and the long distances that commuters have to walk to bus stops/terminals. Cities in the Arab States have the highest level of vehicle ownership: The quality and maintenance of roads in Arab cities are high when compared with other developing countries. However, despite massive investment, the expansion in road networks has not matched rapid increases in vehicle numbers, or urban sprawl. Over the past two decades, the Arab region has witnessed phenomenal rises in motorization. In 2008, the total number of vehicles reached 26.7 million – growing at a 4.2 per cent annual average between 1997 and 2008. 31 In Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Oman, the ratios of motor vehicles per 1,000 stand at 509, 507, 724, 313 and 225, respectively. 32 Factors behind this trend include the affluence occasioned by the oil-driven economic boom, a strong preference for private cars, subsidized fuel, greater availability of car loans, and lack of effective mass transit systems. High levels of motorization in Arab cities have led to chronic traffic congestion. The traffic situation in Dubai typifies those of cities in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries: with over one million cars, the ownership ratio – 541:1,000 – exceeds those of London (345) and New York (444). 33 Dubai‘s Metro began operating as a fully automated rail transit FACT Public transport systems are inadequate in many cities of this region. For instance, in Beirut, fewer than 10 per cent of commuters are served by public transport 34 ; in Amman, the corresponding figure is 14 per cent. 35
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PRODUCTIVITY ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINA
Page 3 and 4: Copyright © United Nations Human S
Page 5 and 6: Foreword This is a time of crises.
Page 7: Acknowledgements CORE TEAM Director
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 1.1 Conceptualizing Urban P
Page 13 and 14: State of the World’s Cities 2012/
Page 35 and 36: Part Two
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 2.1 Productivity and the Pr
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 2.2 Urban Infrastructure: B
Page 53: State of the World’s Cities 2012/
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 2.4 Equity and the Prosperi
Page 79 and 80: Chapter 2.5 Environmental Sustainab
Page 89: Part Three Policies for Prosperous
Page 92 and 93: 91 From Comparative Advantage to Ur
Page 94 and 95: Urban planning can contribute to th
Page 96 and 97: participation and erodes the relati
Page 98 and 99: providing adequate infrastructure a
Page 100 and 101: urban poor, particularly in slums a
Page 102 and 103: cities, the business environment is
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Chapter 3.2 Innovating to Support t
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Innovating to Support the Transitio
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model to rebuild local government a
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exceptions, modern urban planning h
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Working on the five ‘spokes’: I
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As suggested earlier, it is in the
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Urban Planning/Design & Prosperity
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Box 3.2.3 Individual versus collect
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uilding codes to support urban refo
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10 Government of Singapore (2010) S
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Table 1 City Prosperity Index and c
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Table 2 Proportion of urban populat
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Urban Slum Population at Mid-year b
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Country/City BRAzIL City Population
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Country/City Table 4 City Populatio
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Country/City City Population of Urb
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Country/City InDIA Table 4 City Pop
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Country/City IRELAnD City Populatio
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Country/City myAnmAR City Populatio
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Urban Population (’000) Level of
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