STATE OF THE WORLD'S CITIES 2012/2013 Prosperity

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RENEWABLE ENERGIES The renewable energy sector – solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal and bio-fuel – continues to attract huge investments. In 2010, a total of USD 243 billion had been committed to this sector worldwide28 ; this is projected to rise to USD 630 billion by 2030, in the process creating as many as 20 million jobs. 29 Although much of this has concentrated on developed countries, investments in renewable energies are beginning to materialise in the developing world. 30 Around the world, about 300,000 workers are employed in the wind power sector alone, and another 100,000 in solar photovoltaic, while some 1.2 million jobs have already been created in the biomass sector in Brazil, China, Germany and the USA. 31 In the UK for example, 250,000 people are already employed in the various renewable energy sectors estimated to be worth USD 53 billion annually. 32 While developed countries have the lion’s share of jobs in the sustainable sector around the world, huge opportunities exist for developing countries. India is looking to create no fewer than 100 million jobs in this sector within 10 years, most of which are expected to be in the solar energy sector. 33 South Africa reckons that 98,000 new ‘low carbon’ jobs are possible in the short term, and close to 717,000 in the medium to long-term34 , to be split into recycling, solar energy and retrofitting of old buildings for energy efficiency. POLICy Investment in renewable energies could generate more employment and income for urban households. 83 Environmental Sustainability and the Prosperity of Cities POLICy Environmental sustainability offers huge employment potential in terms of: substitution of renewable alternatives for non-renewable resources, recycling and reusing materials26 , production and installation of renewable energy systems, sustainable urban transport, waste recycling, retrofitting old buildings, new sustainable buildings and infrastructures, and environmental services. 27 WASTE AND RECyCLING In Bangladesh, 800,000 of the 3.5 million potential jobs associated with environmental sustainability are in recycling. 36 Besides new jobs, waste management and recycling have also spawned technical innovations, leading to the creation of many specialised small- and medium-sized businesses in cities of developing countries. 37 India: the wind turbine area of southern Tamil Nadu runs for mile after mile across the plains south of the Southern Ghats mountains, producing electricity for part of the massive demand for power throughout India. © 2012 Peter Herbert/fotoLIBRA.com
State of the World’s Cities 2012/2013 POLICy Waste management and recycling can be a huge source of employment in developing countries where 15 million people are estimated to work in waste collecting and processing. 35 BUILDINGS Buildings have a major role to play in climate change mitigation because of the disproportionate amounts of natural resources, waste and pollution they involve. For instance, 60 per cent of the operational energy of a typical building goes to cooling and heating, 18 per cent to water heating, six per cent to refrigeration and three per cent to POLICy Dhaka, Bangladesh: in a factory producing Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) flakes, women sort plastic bottles collected from the streets. Bangladesh exports over 20,000 tons of PET flakes made in 3,000 factories across the country. The industry is worth GBP 7 million, and growing by 20% per annum. © G.M.B. Akash/Panos Pictures The construction industry has the largest potential to create ‘green’ jobs in urban areas. The building and construction sector employs more than 111 million people worldwide, or approximately 5–10 per cent of total employment at the country level with 75 per cent in developing countries and 90 per cent in micro-firms (those with fewer than 10 employees). 39 84 POLICy In Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, a project for collecting and recycling plastic waste has helped improve environmental conditions and has created jobs and incomes for local people, who either collect the plastic waste or work in the recycling centre. The project has also resulted in a cleaner environment in the suburbs and has generated USD 35,000 in revenues. 38 lighting. This is why buildings have been identified as having the greatest potential for reduced greenhouse emissions. 40 In addition to this, environmental jobs associated with buildings will largely occur in retrofitting in accordance with new sustainable standards, designs and codes. 41 URBAN TRANSPORT New jobs can be created not only by replacing or retrofitting old, polluting buses, but also in retrofitting other vehicles used in urban transport, in a double effort to reduce air pollution. The bicycle industry also offers opportunities for employment, though only in a few countries.
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PRODUCTIVITY ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINA
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Copyright © United Nations Human S
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Foreword This is a time of crises.
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Acknowledgements CORE TEAM Director
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Chapter 1.1 Conceptualizing Urban P
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State of the World’s Cities 2012/
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Page 112 and 113: Working on the five ‘spokes’: I
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Country/City City Population of Urb
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Country/City InDIA Table 4 City Pop
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Country/City IRELAnD City Populatio
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Country/City myAnmAR City Populatio
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Urban Population (’000) Level of
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STATE OF THE WORLD'S CITIES 2012/2013 Prosperity

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