STATE OF THE WORLD'S CITIES 2012/2013 Prosperity

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It is possible to identify the specific contributions adequate infrastructure can make to the prosperity of cities, but it must be remembered that they are interrelated and interact with one another in a variety of ways. As perceived by experts participating in the UN-Habitat survey, these contributions are the following (by order of decreasing importance): economic growth; facilitating mobility; improving access to health and education; improving quality of life; steering spatial expansion; environmental quality; improving slum conditions and reducing poverty; and reducing spatial disparities. These eight types of contribution are presented in the charts for the four regions under review. Economic Growth: Infrastructure plays a crucial role in supporting economic growth, and it is worth noting that the reverse causal relationship also holds – that is, infrastructure benefits from economic growth. Infrastructure contributes to growth through enhanced productivity of the factors of production. Indeed between 1990 and 2005, improved infrastructure contributed one per cent to per capita economic growth in Africa, and 1.2 per cent in Asia. 48 In Africa, the greatest impact has been attributed to telecommunications and, to a lesser extent, roads. Facilitating Mobility: Seamless movement within and between cities thanks to efficient mass transit systems is essential to the proper functionality and prosperity of cities. Cities that have deployed sustainable transport policies to enhance mobility have reaped huge advantages that positively impact on the other ‘spokes’ of prosperity. In Bogotá and Curitiba, for instance, BRT makes both cities more livable in very tangible ways, including reducing traffic congestion, decreasing travel times and costs, reducing energy consumption and improving environmental quality. Access to health and education: Infrastructure facilitates access to health and education, which are essential components of human development and feature prominently among Millennium Development Goals. Healthy children learn better and healthy adults work better – both being major assets to the city. Education is crucial to empowerment, reducing poverty and enhancing productivity. Cities with a healthier, better-educated workforce are more likely to be productive and competitive. Improving quality of life: Infrastructure can improve quality of life in a variety of ways, including: enhancing safety and security, especially for youth and women; and expanding the provision of public goods to enhance the city’s appeal. 57 POLICy Urban Infrastructure: Bedrock of Prosperity The provision of infrastructure must take into consideration the needs of women. Steering spatial expansion: Infrastructure can steer the spatial expansion of a city, facilitating more compact urban development and integrating different land uses. This urban form is deemed to be efficient, inclusive and sustainable in four different ways: (1) the costs of infrastructure are cheaper; (2) access to services and facilities is improved; (3) the livelihoods of the urban poor are enhanced; and (4) social segregation is reduced. Environmental quality: Many developing country cities are characterized by inadequate water supply and squalid conditions in terms of sanitation. These two components of infrastructure are vital to improved environmental conditions in cities, as they facilitate a clean and pollution-free environment. On top of this, flood-control infrastructure safeguards urban areas against erosion, flooding, landslides and disasters. Improving slum conditions and reducing poverty: Infrastructure can contribute to the prosperity of cities through improved slum conditions and reducing poverty. Providing adequate infrastructure for roads, water, sanitation and electricity can reduce the health burden faced by slum dwellers, delivering major benefits in terms of environmental quality. Reducing spatial disparities: Infrastructure can reduce spatial disparities, particularly in uncontrolled and un-serviced peri-urban areas, connecting them to consolidated parts of the city. POLICy Beneficiary communities must be fully involved in the design, provision and maintenance of infrastructure.
State of the World’s Cities 2012/2013 Endnotes 1 Choguill, C. (1996) “Ten steps to sustainable infrastructure”, Habitat International, Vol. 20(3), pp. 389-4044; Teriman, S., T. Yigitcanlar, and S. Mayere (2010) ‘Sustainable urban infrastructure development in south east Asia : evidence from Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur and Singapore’ in Yigitcanlar, T. (ed.) Sustainable Urban and Regional Infrastructure Development : Technologies, Applications and Management, IGI Global, Hershey, Pennsylvania 2 Lall, R., R. Anand and A. Rastogi (2010) ‘Developing physical Infrastructure: A comparative perspective on the experience of China and India’, in Gerhaeusser K., Iwasaki, Y. and V. B. Tulasidhar, (eds) Resurging Asian Giants’ Asian Development Bank, Manila, pp.57-114. 3 Fay, M. and M. Morrison (2005) Infrastructure in Latin America and the Caribbean: Recent Developments and Key Challenges, World Bank, Washington,DC. 4 Foster, V., and C. Briceno-Garmendia (2010) Africa’s Infrastructure: A Time for Transformation, World Bank, Washington, DC. 5 Belliapa, S.G. (2011) City Report on Bangalore. Unpublished UN-Habitat background study for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/13” 6 Harris, C (2008) “India Leads Developing Nations in Private Sector Investment”, Gridlines, No.3, March 2008, http://www.pppinindia.com/pdf/gridlines.pdf 7 Latin American Herald Tribune (2011) ‘Cuban Capital Faces Worst Water Shortage in 50 Years’, Latin American Herald Tribune, http://laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=3915 53&CategoryId=14510 8 López , M (2011) Water Distribution as an Indicator of Social Inequality: The Case of Medellín, Colombia, http://www.centrodametropole.org.br/static/uploads/marcela_l.pdf 9 Shabou, A., N. Soboh, K. Jalouka, and D. A. Thaib (2011) City Report on Amman. Unpublished UN-Habitat background study for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013” 10 Karim, S. S.A. (2011) City Report on Basra. Unpublished UN-Habitat background study for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013” 11 Takechi, A (2010) Basrah Water Supply from viewpoint of Its Water Sources, http:// www.waterforum.jp/jpn/iraq/doc/expert_meeting/session/4_2.pdf 12 Although the region is the least provided in the world, with just 1.4 per cent of the planet renewable freshwater. {Roudi-Fahimi, F., L. Creel and R. M. De Souza (2002) Finding the Balance: Population and Water Scarcity in the Middle East and North Africa, MENA Policy Brief, Population Reference Bureau, Washington, DC} 13 The Arab State’s Region is host to 65 of the world’s 100 largest desalination plants. {Pacific Institute (2011) The World’s Water Volume 7: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources, Table 21, http://www.worldwater.org/data.html} 14 The economic costs of traffic congestion are staggering: in the US in 2010 it was put at $101 billion in terms of lost productivity and wasted fuel, or $713 per commuter per year; in Mauritius, traffic congestion in cities costs the economy 1.3 per cent of GDP. {African Economic Outlook (2011) Mauritius: Overview, http://www. africaneconomicoutlook.org/en/countries/southern-africa/mauritius/} 15 Kumar , A., and F. Barrett (2008) Stuck in Traffic: Urban Transport in Africa, World Bank, Washington, DC 16 Kumar,A. (2011) Understanding the Emerging Role Of Motorcycles in African Cities: A Political Economy Perspective, Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program Discussion Paper No. 13, World Bank, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ EXTAFRSUBSAHTRA/Resources/1513929-1262811948762/DP13-Role-Motorcycles. pdf 17 In 2007, Lagos had over 100,000 minibuses and 200,000 commercial motorcycles directly employing 500,000 people. Kumar (2011) 18 Kumar and Barrett (2008), op. cit. 19 The network increased from 95,000 to 208,000 km from 1990 to 2003. Pucher et al (2007) 20 McKinsey Global Institute (2009) Preparing for China’s Urban Billion, McKinsey and Company. 21 World Bank (2002) Cities on the Move: A World Bank Urban Transport Strategy Review, World Bank, Washington, DC. 22 Pucher, J., Z. Peng, N. Mittal, Y. Zhu,and N. Korattyswaroopam (2007) ‘Urban transport trends and policies in China and India: Impacts of rapid Economic growth’, Transport Reviews, Vol. 27 (4), pp. 379–410 58 23 Uddin, A. (2009) ‘Traffic Congestion in Indian Cities: Challenges of a Rising Power’, paper presented at the conference Kyoto of the Cities, Naples, March 26-28, 2009, http://www.visionwebsite.eu/UserFiles/File/filedascaricare/Scientifci%20 Partners,Papers(Kyoto)/Draft_koc_Azeem%20Uddin.pdf 24 HPEC (2011) Report on Indian Urban Infrastructure and Services,National Institute of Urban Affairs, New Delhi 25 Uddin, A (2009) op.cit. 26 Estimated from World Bank (2011) 27 Canassa, H. (2008) ‘São Paulo Traffic Jams Mean Lost Business, Stress, Helicopters’, Bloomberg, July 14, http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid= aAwzOeXmIxgk 28 Vicentini, V. L.(2010) ‘Lessons from urban transport in Latin America and the Caribbean’, presentation at the 2010 ADB Transport Forum, May 25-27, Manila; Luoma, J., M. Sivak and S. Zielinski (2010) The Future of Personal Transportation in Megacities of the World, Transportation Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 29 Coyula, M. (2011) City Report on Havana. Unpublished UN-Habitat background study for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013” 30 Perez, F. (2011) City Report on Guadajara. Unpublished UN-Habitat background study for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013”. 31 ESCWA (2009) Transport for Sustainable Development in the Arab Region: Measures, Progress Achieved, Challenges and Policy Framework, United Nations, New York, http://www.uncclearn.org/sites/www.uncclearn.org/files/unescwa14.pdf 32 World Bank (2011) World Development Indicators, World Bank, Washington, DC. 33 Shariff, O. (2007) ‘Dubai Traffic Woes Inflict Losses of Dh4.6b a Year’, Gulf News, December 13, http://gulfnews.com/business/shipping/dubai-traffic-woes-inflictlosses-of-dh4-6b-a-year-1.75892; Raouf, M. A. (2009)’Towards sustainable transportation’, Gulf News, September 18, http://gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/ towards-sustainable-transportation-1.539872 34 Kollock, P. (2010) ‘Still Sitting in Beirut Traffic’, NOW Lebanon, May 5 http://www. nowlebanon.com/NewsArchiveDetails.aspx?ID=166121 35 Shabou, A., N. Soboh, K. Jalouka, and D. A. Thaib (2011) op. cit. 36 Raouf, M. A. (2009) op. cit. 37 Al-Rawashdeh, A. (2011) “New bus system aims to reduce Amman’s traffic congestion”, Al-Shorfa.com, January 26, http://al-shorfa.com/en_GB/articles/meii/ features/main/2011/01/26/feature-02 38 International Telecommunication Union (2010) World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database, http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/ 39 GSM Association (2011a) Asia Pacific Mobile Observatory 2011, GSMA, London 40 Aker, J. C. and I. M. Mbiti, (2010) ‘Mobile telephones and economic development in Africa’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 24(3), pp. 207-232 41 GSM Association (2011b) Africa Mobile Observatory 2011, GSMA, London 42 Philip, J. T. (2009) ‘Average Urban Teledensity Crosses 100% Mark’, The Economic Times, December 12, http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-12-12/ news/28416388_1_cent-mark-mobile-connections-teledensity 43 Centre for Livable Cities (2011) City Report on Singapore. Unpublished UN-Habitat background study for “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013” 44 GSM Association (2011a) op. cit. 45 Fernández-Ardèvol, M. (2010) ‘Household access to mobile telephony in Latin America’, in Sevensson, J. and G. Wicander, (eds.): Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on M4D,Mobile Communication Technology for Development, 10-11 November, Kampala, Uganda, pp. 60-69. 46 GSM Association (2011c) Latin American Mobile Observatory 2011, GSMA London 47 Telecommunications and Regulatory Authority (2011) UAE Telecommunications Sector Developments and Indicators, 2007 –2010. 48 Calderón, C (2008) “Infrastructure and growth in Africa”, Policy Research Working Paper 4914, World Bank, Washington, DC
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PRODUCTIVITY ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINA
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Copyright © United Nations Human S
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Foreword This is a time of crises.
Page 7: Acknowledgements CORE TEAM Director
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 1.1 Conceptualizing Urban P
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Page 35 and 36: Part Two
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Page 69 and 70: Chapter 2.4 Equity and the Prosperi
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Page 92 and 93: 91 From Comparative Advantage to Ur
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model to rebuild local government a
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exceptions, modern urban planning h
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Working on the five ‘spokes’: I
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As suggested earlier, it is in the
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Urban Planning/Design & Prosperity
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Box 3.2.3 Individual versus collect
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uilding codes to support urban refo
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10 Government of Singapore (2010) S
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Table 1 City Prosperity Index and c
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Table 2 Proportion of urban populat
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Urban Slum Population at Mid-year b
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Country/City BRAzIL City Population
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Country/City Table 4 City Populatio
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Country/City City Population of Urb
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Country/City InDIA Table 4 City Pop
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Country/City IRELAnD City Populatio
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Country/City myAnmAR City Populatio
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Urban Population (’000) Level of
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