Parties, Candidates and Citizens On-Line - Åbo Akademi

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Sadow, J. & James, K. 1999. ‘Virtual Billboards? Candidate Web Sites and Campaigning 1998’, Paper, Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Atlanta. Smith, C. 2002. ‘British political parties continuity and change in the information age’, in Hoff, J., Horrocks, I. & Tops, P., eds., Democratic Governance and New Technology. Technologically Mediated innovations in Political Practice in Western Europe. London & New York: Routledge. Sjöblom, G. 1968. Party Strategies in a Multiparty System. Lund: Studentlitteratur. Strom, K. 1990. ‘A Behavioural Theory of Competitive Political Parties’, American Journal of Political Science 34, 565-98. Strömbäck, J. 2002. Medialiserat politiskt ledarskap. En kunskapsöversikt. Stockholm: Stiftelsen Institutet för Mediestudier. Strömbäck, J. 2005. ”Professionalized Campaigning and Political marketing: Two Sides of the Same Coin or Two Different Concepts?”, paper, 17th Nordic Media research Conference, Aalborg. Swanson, D. & Mancini, P. 1996. Politics, Media, and Modern Democracy: An International Study of Innovations in Electoral Campaigning and Their Consequences. Westport: Praeger Publishers. Sundberg, J. 1996. Partier och Partisystem i Finland. Esbo: Schildts Förlag. Ward, S., Gibson, R. & Nixon, P. 2003. ‘Parties and the Internet An Overview’, in Gibson, R., Nixon, P. & Ward, S., eds., Political Parties and the Internet: Net Gain?. London: Routledge. Ward, S., Gibson, R. & Lusoli, W. 2005. ‘Parties and the Virtual Campaign: The 2005 Election Online’, Paper, Democracy and Participation Project, Salford. Zilliacus, K. 2001. ‘’New Politics’ in Finland: The Greens and the Left Wing in the 1990s’, West European Politics 24(1), 27-54. 109
Appendix: Questionnaire scales Labour input (0-n points) Measures the resources the party puts into the website with one count and one scale: The number of employees working with the website (0-n) The extent of outsourcing the website construction and maintenance to experts (0-4) Central planning of website (0-21 points) Measures the degree of central planning and strategy in constructing the website with one scale (0-21) Importance of the website in different communication arenas (0-16 points) Measures the relative importance of communication via the party website compared to other forms of communication, e.g. newspapers, TV, mail, radio, party press etc., in four areas of party communication: Internal communication (0-4p) Communication with media (0-4p) Communication with the public (0-4p) Communication with other parties (0-4p) General opinion of party websites (-1 -1 points) Measures the party’s general opinion of web-based communication. The scale is constructed by means of deducting the party’s score on a standardized general drawbacks’ scale from their score on a standardized ‘general advantages’ scale: General advantages of web based communication (0-1p) General drawbacks of web based communication (0-1p) Informative communication (0-68 points) Measures how highly the party ranks different questionnaire items concerning top-down, informationbased communication. Consists of 17 items each scoring 0-4 points. Engaging communication (0-48 points) Measures how highly the party ranks different questionnaire items concerning bottom-up, engaging communication. Consists of 12 items each scoring 0-4 points. 110
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Kim Strandberg Studies of Politics
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PARTIES, CANDIDATES AND CITIZENS ON
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CIP Cataloguing in Publication Stra
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Jag vill även ta tillfället i akt
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C. Summary & Conclusions ..........
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List of tables Article I: Table 1.
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A. Introduction
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26; Römmele 2003, 9-11). Therefore
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these scholarly visions (e.g. Corra
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2003b; Gibson & Ward 2002). Regardi
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Some further comments regarding the
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for citizens’ participation and p
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providing the kind of structure for
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To further examine the central comp
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Scholars have noted that some of th
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• In the third article (Strandber
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References Barber, B. 1984. Strong
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Lusoli, W. 2005b. “The Internet a
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B. The articles
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Introduction Two specific theories
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proportional systems. It is therefo
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egulation of political advertising
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Because the study is case-oriented
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the discussion of the variable, the
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Table 1. Operationalizations of the
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There were no contradicting cases f
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dramatically if a different coding
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of democratic status and the usage
Page 63 and 64:
References Altheide, D. & Snow, R.
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Norris, P. (2003) ‘Preaching to t
Page 67 and 68: Appendix B: studies associated with
Page 69 and 70: ABdE+AbdE = AdE BCdE+BcdE = BdE Fin
Page 71 and 72: 1. Introduction Voter turnout in th
Page 73 and 74: integration [9,10]. A study by Tiil
Page 75 and 76: 3. Data and methodology Our focus o
Page 77 and 78: provided the bulk of the sites and,
Page 79 and 80: YLE, the state-owned Finnish Broadc
Page 81 and 82: 4.4. The on-line candidates: a clos
Page 83 and 84: 4.4.3. What kind of candidates did
Page 85 and 86: sources during the campaign. The qu
Page 87 and 88: The results presented hitherto are
Page 89 and 90: ecome involved in their campaigns.
Page 91 and 92: References [1] H. Schmitt, The Euro
Page 93 and 94: Appendix A. Abbreviated coding temp
Page 95 and 96: Introduction Party communication ha
Page 97 and 98: pursuit of executive office, policy
Page 99 and 100: 2001, 30; Pedersen & Saglie 2005, 3
Page 101 and 102: and efforts into using the web for
Page 103 and 104: finally, engaging communication 3.
Page 105 and 106: Finally, concerning the informative
Page 107 and 108: Nousiainen 1998, 55-59; Sundberg 19
Page 109 and 110: sophistication index. These parties
Page 111 and 112: (cf. Strom 1990, 570), and conseque
Page 113 and 114: identified two groups of parties on
Page 115 and 116: Notes: 1 As of November 16th 2005,
Page 117: Kitchelt, H. 2001. ‘Partisan Comp
Page 121 and 122: Targeting of specific voter segment
Page 124 and 125: Article IV On-line Campaigning - An
Page 126 and 127: Patterns of candidate on-line elect
Page 128 and 129: elements of interest pluralism (cf.
Page 130 and 131: The Finnish context As was briefly
Page 132 and 133: RQ1: How much predicting power do i
Page 134 and 135: stored locally two weeks prior to t
Page 136 and 137: Table 2. Logistical regression mode
Page 138 and 139: Table 4. Candidate website function
Page 140 and 141: Table 5. OLS multiple regression mo
Page 142 and 143: Table 6. OLS multiple regression mo
Page 144 and 145: affiliated party, even in the candi
Page 146 and 147: than their rivals (Margolis et al.
Page 148 and 149: References Altheide, David and Robe
Page 150 and 151: Norris, Pippa (2001a) A Virtuous Ci
Page 152 and 153: Campaigning Additive index: 1 point
Page 154 and 155: Article V “Town Hall” Meetings
Page 156 and 157: Hence, one must question whether th
Page 158 and 159: (Coleman and Goetze, 2001: 16; Norr
Page 160 and 161: Barber mentions that it is only whe
Page 162 and 163: of user preferences. If internet po
Page 164 and 165: Table 2. Average degree of liveline
Page 166 and 167: 5. Citizen Participation in the deb
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Over time, there is also a slight,
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would significantly enhance our und
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Notes 1 According to the Nua Intern
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Kamarck, E. 1999. ”Campaigning on
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C. Summary and conclusions A discus
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perspective, the articles have been
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predicting candidate website functi
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articles in the thesis. In general,
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Finnish voters’ propensity to loo
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they did not appear to “become mo
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organizational, financial […] res
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The real impact of internet politic
Page 194 and 195:
Norris, P. 2003. “Preaching to th
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