Parties, Candidates and Citizens On-Line - Åbo Akademi

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would significantly enhance our understanding of the individual-level effects of on-line political activity. The results of the study generally support the reinforcement theory. The activity on three out of four party-associated discussion boards is exceptionally low. However, the National Coalition Party forum boasts a higher level of activity than the other party forums. Keeping the optimistic visions inherent in the mobilization scenario in mind, the marginal activity noted on the Centre Party’s member forum is clearly worrisome. Although the supporters of the Centre Party are not probably the most active internet users in Finland, it still comes as quite a surprise that not even these politically interested party members are participating in on-line discussions. Likewise, it also comes as a surprise that the socialist parties with a history as mass-parties, i.e. the Social Democratic Party and the Left Alliance, lack on-line discussion boards altogether. Concerning this, one plausible explanation is that the parties are wary of electronic discussions as these might not necessarily present a positive picture of the party. For instance, Strandberg (2003: 82) found that the messages posted to the now shut-down SDP forum, in general, were negative and critical towards the party and its politicians. The findings concerning the discussions’ liveliness and intensity generally add more support to the pessimistic views of electronic politics. Even though the NCP forum displayed debates that were livelier and more intense than on the other parties’ forums, the overall levels of liveliness and intensity were exceptionally low. There were little, or virtually no traits of debates with interaction and exchange of ideas between many debaters. Seemingly, then, the electronic debates’ ability to inspire and deepen citizens’ political engagement seems limited. The examination of the number of debaters on the discussion boards provided more indications of reinforcement, or lack of mobilization, on all party-associated forums. There seems to be little interest for electronic political debates among the Finnish citizens, as evident from the fact that a mere maximum of eight citizens participated in 91.7 % of all discussion threads. However, one must bear in mind that the scope of this study is nonetheless limited. Hence, several arenas for electronic political discussion, besides those of political parties, have not been studied. In theory, the majority of on-line political discussion in Finland might take place in completely different areas than expected. Thus, the conclusions of this study should not be over-interpreted. The study did, however, provide an insight into one political discussion board not associated with any of the political parties. The findings of the comparison between this political forum and a non-political counterpart on the web portal jippi.fi, generally support the reinforcement theory. A greater number of citizens were engaged in livelier and more intense discussions on the non-political discussion board than on the political discussion board. Since the surrounding context for the two forums is identical, the findings indicate 161
that politics is not the topic of choice for a majority of e-citizens. In future research, however, a comparison of a greater number of both political and non-political discussion boards would provide further insight into the preferences of internet users. Even though most of the findings in the study provide little support for the mobilizing effects of internet politics, a small glimmer of hope was found. In general, a slim but significant improvement over time was found for most of the aspects studied in the article. Arguably, the most noteworthy is the 0.87 increase in average number of debaters between the first and last coding period. Nonetheless, the increase is small and could possibly be due to a general increase in internet access and usage in Finland, rather than due to an increase in political use of the internet. Hence, any mobilizing effects of the internet are seemingly not forthcoming in the foreseeable future and perhaps not coming at all. Not even prior to the Finnish parliamentary election in 2003 (T2) could any major changes in the activity on the discussion boards be found. In particular, the average number of debaters did not soar high despite the electoral context. Hence, the increased media focus and general interest in off-line politics in election times (Asp, 1986: 108), was not mirrored on the discussion boards. Seemingly, then, on-line political discussion is independent of off-line political context. In general, the same citizens only debate more lively and more intensely during election times. In conclusion, the major findings of the study can be summarized as follows; in the specific form studied here, electronic politics has failed to mobilize the masses. The overall activity on the discussion boards is very low, and on the NCP forum, with a relatively high level of activity, an average of only five citizens participate in each discussion thread. The liveliness and intensity of the debates are poor on all but the NCP forum. Moreover, a greater number of citizens preferred music over politics in the examination of discussion boards on the web portal jippii.fi. Hence, the Finnish on-line political debates are few and the existing debates are by no means comparable to ‘townhall’ meetings for the masses, but rather they resemble ‘social clubs’ for the politically motivated. 162
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Kim Strandberg Studies of Politics
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PARTIES, CANDIDATES AND CITIZENS ON
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CIP Cataloguing in Publication Stra
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Jag vill även ta tillfället i akt
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C. Summary & Conclusions ..........
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List of tables Article I: Table 1.
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A. Introduction
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26; Römmele 2003, 9-11). Therefore
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these scholarly visions (e.g. Corra
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2003b; Gibson & Ward 2002). Regardi
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Some further comments regarding the
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for citizens’ participation and p
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providing the kind of structure for
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To further examine the central comp
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Scholars have noted that some of th
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• In the third article (Strandber
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References Barber, B. 1984. Strong
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Lusoli, W. 2005b. “The Internet a
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B. The articles
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Introduction Two specific theories
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proportional systems. It is therefo
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egulation of political advertising
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Because the study is case-oriented
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the discussion of the variable, the
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Table 1. Operationalizations of the
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There were no contradicting cases f
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dramatically if a different coding
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of democratic status and the usage
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References Altheide, D. & Snow, R.
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Norris, P. (2003) ‘Preaching to t
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Appendix B: studies associated with
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ABdE+AbdE = AdE BCdE+BcdE = BdE Fin
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1. Introduction Voter turnout in th
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integration [9,10]. A study by Tiil
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3. Data and methodology Our focus o
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provided the bulk of the sites and,
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YLE, the state-owned Finnish Broadc
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4.4. The on-line candidates: a clos
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4.4.3. What kind of candidates did
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sources during the campaign. The qu
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The results presented hitherto are
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ecome involved in their campaigns.
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References [1] H. Schmitt, The Euro
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Appendix A. Abbreviated coding temp
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Introduction Party communication ha
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pursuit of executive office, policy
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2001, 30; Pedersen & Saglie 2005, 3
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and efforts into using the web for
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finally, engaging communication 3.
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Finally, concerning the informative
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Nousiainen 1998, 55-59; Sundberg 19
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sophistication index. These parties
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(cf. Strom 1990, 570), and conseque
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identified two groups of parties on
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Notes: 1 As of November 16th 2005,
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Kitchelt, H. 2001. ‘Partisan Comp
Page 119 and 120: Appendix: Questionnaire scales Labo
Page 121 and 122: Targeting of specific voter segment
Page 124 and 125: Article IV On-line Campaigning - An
Page 126 and 127: Patterns of candidate on-line elect
Page 128 and 129: elements of interest pluralism (cf.
Page 130 and 131: The Finnish context As was briefly
Page 132 and 133: RQ1: How much predicting power do i
Page 134 and 135: stored locally two weeks prior to t
Page 136 and 137: Table 2. Logistical regression mode
Page 138 and 139: Table 4. Candidate website function
Page 140 and 141: Table 5. OLS multiple regression mo
Page 142 and 143: Table 6. OLS multiple regression mo
Page 144 and 145: affiliated party, even in the candi
Page 146 and 147: than their rivals (Margolis et al.
Page 148 and 149: References Altheide, David and Robe
Page 150 and 151: Norris, Pippa (2001a) A Virtuous Ci
Page 152 and 153: Campaigning Additive index: 1 point
Page 154 and 155: Article V “Town Hall” Meetings
Page 156 and 157: Hence, one must question whether th
Page 158 and 159: (Coleman and Goetze, 2001: 16; Norr
Page 160 and 161: Barber mentions that it is only whe
Page 162 and 163: of user preferences. If internet po
Page 164 and 165: Table 2. Average degree of liveline
Page 166 and 167: 5. Citizen Participation in the deb
Page 168 and 169: Over time, there is also a slight,
Page 172 and 173: Notes 1 According to the Nua Intern
Page 174: Kamarck, E. 1999. ”Campaigning on
Page 178 and 179: C. Summary and conclusions A discus
Page 180 and 181: perspective, the articles have been
Page 182 and 183: predicting candidate website functi
Page 184 and 185: articles in the thesis. In general,
Page 186 and 187: Finnish voters’ propensity to loo
Page 188 and 189: they did not appear to “become mo
Page 190 and 191: organizational, financial […] res
Page 192 and 193: The real impact of internet politic
Page 194 and 195: Norris, P. 2003. “Preaching to th
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