Parties, Candidates and Citizens On-Line - Åbo Akademi

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Norris, P. 2003. “Preaching to the Converted? Pluralism, Participation and Party Websites”, Party Politics 9(1), 21-45. Nousiainen, J. 1998. Suomen Poliittinen Järjestelmä. Helsinki: WSOY. Peters, G. 1998.Comparative Politics Theory and Methods. New York: New York University Press. Raunio, T. 2002. “The difficult task of opposing EU in Finland”, Paper, ECPR, Turin. Ruostetsaari, I.& Mattila, M. 2002. “Candidate-Centered Campaigns and their Effects in an Open List System: The Case of Finland”, in Farell, D. & Schmitt-Beck, R., eds., Do Political Campaigns Matter? Campaign Effects in Elections and Referendums. London: Routledge. Sadow, J. & James, K. 1999. “Virtual Billboards? Candidate Web Sites and Campaigning 1998”, Paper, Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Atlanta. Strandberg, K. 2005. “ ‘Town Hall’ meetings for the Masses or “Social Clubs” for the Motivated? – A Study of Citizens’ Discussions on the Internet”, Encounters 1(1), 1-19. Strandberg, K. 2006a. “On-line Campaigning – An Opening for the Outsiders? -An Analysis of the Finnish Parliamentary Candidates’ Websites in the 2003 Election Campaign”, submitted to New Media & Society. Strandberg, K. 2006b. “On-line Campaigning in Different Settings: A Comparative Meta-Analysis of the Research on Party Websites and Electoral Competition”, resubmitted to Party Politics. Strandberg, K. 2007. “It’s the Inside that Counts? – An Explorative Analysis of Finnish Parties’ Opinions Concerning the Importance and use of their Website, and Website Contents, in Relation to Party Characteristics”, forthcoming Scandinavian Political Studies. 185
The internet has been argued to affect two corner- stones of representative democracies; pluralistic competition between political actors for positions of power and political participation by citizens. Ac- cording to optimistic visions, smaller political parties would use the internet to campaign on more equal footings with major parties. The internet, it is also argued, provides citizens with accessible op- portunities for political participation and engage- ment which would spur increased political activity. Less optimistic visions, however, perceive few changes in both electoral competition and political participation due to the internet. This dissertation examines how the internet is affecting the politics of representative democracies in times of elections. Drawing on the inconclusiveness in the research field, the thesis studies the on-line activity of political actors as well as the citizens in Finnish elections between 2003 and 2006. The thesis also examines how different external and internal conditions affect the on-line activity of political actors. Important knowledge of the current state of on-line politics, the components shaping it and its impact on the politics of representative democracies is thus provided. Åbo Akademi University Press ISBN 951-765-328-X
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Kim Strandberg Studies of Politics
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PARTIES, CANDIDATES AND CITIZENS ON
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CIP Cataloguing in Publication Stra
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Jag vill även ta tillfället i akt
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C. Summary & Conclusions ..........
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List of tables Article I: Table 1.
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A. Introduction
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26; Römmele 2003, 9-11). Therefore
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these scholarly visions (e.g. Corra
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2003b; Gibson & Ward 2002). Regardi
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Some further comments regarding the
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for citizens’ participation and p
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providing the kind of structure for
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To further examine the central comp
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Scholars have noted that some of th
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• In the third article (Strandber
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References Barber, B. 1984. Strong
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Lusoli, W. 2005b. “The Internet a
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B. The articles
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Introduction Two specific theories
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proportional systems. It is therefo
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egulation of political advertising
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Because the study is case-oriented
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the discussion of the variable, the
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Table 1. Operationalizations of the
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There were no contradicting cases f
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dramatically if a different coding
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of democratic status and the usage
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References Altheide, D. & Snow, R.
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Norris, P. (2003) ‘Preaching to t
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Appendix B: studies associated with
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ABdE+AbdE = AdE BCdE+BcdE = BdE Fin
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1. Introduction Voter turnout in th
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integration [9,10]. A study by Tiil
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3. Data and methodology Our focus o
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provided the bulk of the sites and,
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YLE, the state-owned Finnish Broadc
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4.4. The on-line candidates: a clos
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4.4.3. What kind of candidates did
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sources during the campaign. The qu
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The results presented hitherto are
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ecome involved in their campaigns.
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References [1] H. Schmitt, The Euro
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Appendix A. Abbreviated coding temp
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Introduction Party communication ha
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pursuit of executive office, policy
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2001, 30; Pedersen & Saglie 2005, 3
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and efforts into using the web for
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finally, engaging communication 3.
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Finally, concerning the informative
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Nousiainen 1998, 55-59; Sundberg 19
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sophistication index. These parties
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(cf. Strom 1990, 570), and conseque
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identified two groups of parties on
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Notes: 1 As of November 16th 2005,
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Kitchelt, H. 2001. ‘Partisan Comp
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Appendix: Questionnaire scales Labo
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Targeting of specific voter segment
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Article IV On-line Campaigning - An
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Patterns of candidate on-line elect
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elements of interest pluralism (cf.
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The Finnish context As was briefly
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RQ1: How much predicting power do i
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stored locally two weeks prior to t
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Table 2. Logistical regression mode
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Table 4. Candidate website function
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Table 5. OLS multiple regression mo
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Table 6. OLS multiple regression mo
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Page 148 and 149: References Altheide, David and Robe
Page 150 and 151: Norris, Pippa (2001a) A Virtuous Ci
Page 152 and 153: Campaigning Additive index: 1 point
Page 154 and 155: Article V “Town Hall” Meetings
Page 156 and 157: Hence, one must question whether th
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Page 166 and 167: 5. Citizen Participation in the deb
Page 168 and 169: Over time, there is also a slight,
Page 170 and 171: would significantly enhance our und
Page 172 and 173: Notes 1 According to the Nua Intern
Page 174: Kamarck, E. 1999. ”Campaigning on
Page 178 and 179: C. Summary and conclusions A discus
Page 180 and 181: perspective, the articles have been
Page 182 and 183: predicting candidate website functi
Page 184 and 185: articles in the thesis. In general,
Page 186 and 187: Finnish voters’ propensity to loo
Page 188 and 189: they did not appear to “become mo
Page 190 and 191: organizational, financial […] res
Page 192 and 193: The real impact of internet politic
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