Parties, Candidates and Citizens On-Line - Åbo Akademi

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Finnish voters’ propensity to look for on-line election information, visit party/candidate websites or candidate selectors were predicted in these analyses. The findings firstly showed that when access to the technological resources are equal, citizens aged 18-34 appear more prone to visit political websites for finding information than older citizens (cf. Boogers & Voerman 2003, 25). It should also be noted that the candidate selectors provided by the news media also attracted middle-aged (35-49) voters. In conjunction with Norris’ finding (1999, 85) this generational effect lends some support to the mobilization argument. Secondly, and also on a positive note, neither class nor income, two demographic characteristics often associated with traditional political activity, proved significant predictors of seeking and placing emphasis in on-line political information. Thirdly, however, the analysis mostly revealed socio-economic patterns similar to those found in traditional political activity, interest and engagement (cf. Norris 1999, 87; 2001, 91-92); the voters looking for political information on-line and visiting party or candidate websites showed an overrepresentation towards males, the highly educated, and citizens living in urban or semi-urban milieus. The patterns were the same for those visiting candidate selectors, with the exception of gender having no significant effect. Nonetheless, these latter findings support the reinforcement theory. In regards to the impact of the web-based sources for election-related information on the voters prior to the 2004 EP- election, the findings of the second article also mostly support the reinforcement theory, but to some degree, also maintain the potential for mobilization. The analysis showed that Finnish voters in general do not place great importance on web-based information sources, i.e. party or candidate websites or candidate selectors on media websites (only 6%, 9% and 14% respectively), when making their voting decision. Traditional information sources, such as television news and current affairs programmes, and newspaper stories, still have a larger impact (28% and 26% respectively). For the youngest voters (ages 18-24) the picture is, however, the opposite. These voters deem the web-based sources more important than traditional information sources in forming their voting decision (cf. Lusoli 2005b, 154-156). Nonetheless, the results of regression models predicting the kind of voters who deemed the web-based sources as quite- or very much important in making their voting decisions revealed findings similar to those regarding voters looking for political information or visiting political websites on-line. The logistic regression model showed that, alongside being young, living in an urban context had a significant positive effect on placing greater importance in web-based sources in influencing citizens’ voting decisions. Considered together, there is generally strong support for the reinforcement theory in the findings of the second article. The Finnish population, as a whole, are neither turning to the internet for election-related information nor placing significant importance in such information when forming their voting decisions. Some of the socio- 177
economic patterns usually associated with off-line political activity were also by-and-large replicated regarding the use and emphasis placed in on-line sources for election information. There were, nevertheless, some indications which provide prospective support for the mobilization theory. The insignificance of both class and income in predicting citizens’ visits to political websites, and the interest and emphasis in on-line political information showed by the younger generations of Finnish voters merit attention. These findings give reason for some optimism regarding the future of the medium, especially as the young are “currently least engaged in the political process and least attentive to conventional news media” (Norris 1999, 85). 2.2.2 On-line political discussions – activity and impact An analysis of citizens’ discussions on the internet prior to, during, and after the 2003 parliamentary election was conducted in the thesis’ fifth article (Strandberg 2005). The activity on four discussion boards provided by the Finnish parties and one discussion board provided by a Finnish web portal were examined. As such, this article provides indications of the general level of interest in participating in on-line political discussion. The article also sheds light on what impact, in terms of politically engaging and making the citizens more articulate in expressing political views, this activity has on citizens. It should, however, be noted that the article has not thoroughly examined individual-level changes in political preferences, interest and motivation. The findings of the article should therefore be considered more as aggregate-level indications of the plausibility, or lack thereof, of the mobilization and reinforcement theories. The findings of the article provide several interesting findings concerning the theories. The study showed that only one discussion board – hosted by the National Coalition Party – had a significant amount of activity in terms of discussion threads. None of the discussion boards activated large numbers of citizens. In fact, in roughly 90 per cent of the debates, only a maximum of eight citizens participated. Similarly, when compared to a non-political forum, a political forum on an independent web portal attracted a lower number of debaters. These findings give very little reason for optimism regarding citizens’ use of the opportunities for political activity on the web. These findings strongly support the reinforcement theory. The analysis of the quality of the citizens’ discussions similarly revealed an utterly off-putting picture. The discussions generally lacked both liveliness and intensity. The Finnish citizens did not engage in long, continuous debates over public matters (cf. Barber 1984, 178). In fact, on average, the citizens who participated in the discussions only posted a maximum of roughly 1.5 messages to the discussion threads. The impact of on-line political discussions on citizens appears to be quite limited. In other words, with reference to the mobilization theory, 178
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Kim Strandberg Studies of Politics
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PARTIES, CANDIDATES AND CITIZENS ON
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CIP Cataloguing in Publication Stra
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Jag vill även ta tillfället i akt
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C. Summary & Conclusions ..........
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List of tables Article I: Table 1.
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A. Introduction
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26; Römmele 2003, 9-11). Therefore
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these scholarly visions (e.g. Corra
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2003b; Gibson & Ward 2002). Regardi
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Some further comments regarding the
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for citizens’ participation and p
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providing the kind of structure for
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To further examine the central comp
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Scholars have noted that some of th
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• In the third article (Strandber
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References Barber, B. 1984. Strong
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Lusoli, W. 2005b. “The Internet a
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B. The articles
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Introduction Two specific theories
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proportional systems. It is therefo
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egulation of political advertising
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Because the study is case-oriented
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the discussion of the variable, the
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Table 1. Operationalizations of the
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There were no contradicting cases f
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dramatically if a different coding
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of democratic status and the usage
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References Altheide, D. & Snow, R.
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Norris, P. (2003) ‘Preaching to t
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Appendix B: studies associated with
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ABdE+AbdE = AdE BCdE+BcdE = BdE Fin
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1. Introduction Voter turnout in th
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integration [9,10]. A study by Tiil
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3. Data and methodology Our focus o
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provided the bulk of the sites and,
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YLE, the state-owned Finnish Broadc
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4.4. The on-line candidates: a clos
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4.4.3. What kind of candidates did
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sources during the campaign. The qu
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The results presented hitherto are
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ecome involved in their campaigns.
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References [1] H. Schmitt, The Euro
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Appendix A. Abbreviated coding temp
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Introduction Party communication ha
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pursuit of executive office, policy
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2001, 30; Pedersen & Saglie 2005, 3
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and efforts into using the web for
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finally, engaging communication 3.
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Finally, concerning the informative
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Nousiainen 1998, 55-59; Sundberg 19
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sophistication index. These parties
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(cf. Strom 1990, 570), and conseque
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identified two groups of parties on
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Notes: 1 As of November 16th 2005,
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Kitchelt, H. 2001. ‘Partisan Comp
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Appendix: Questionnaire scales Labo
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Targeting of specific voter segment
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Article IV On-line Campaigning - An
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Patterns of candidate on-line elect
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elements of interest pluralism (cf.
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The Finnish context As was briefly
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RQ1: How much predicting power do i
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stored locally two weeks prior to t
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Page 138 and 139: Table 4. Candidate website function
Page 140 and 141: Table 5. OLS multiple regression mo
Page 142 and 143: Table 6. OLS multiple regression mo
Page 144 and 145: affiliated party, even in the candi
Page 146 and 147: than their rivals (Margolis et al.
Page 148 and 149: References Altheide, David and Robe
Page 150 and 151: Norris, Pippa (2001a) A Virtuous Ci
Page 152 and 153: Campaigning Additive index: 1 point
Page 154 and 155: Article V “Town Hall” Meetings
Page 156 and 157: Hence, one must question whether th
Page 158 and 159: (Coleman and Goetze, 2001: 16; Norr
Page 160 and 161: Barber mentions that it is only whe
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Page 164 and 165: Table 2. Average degree of liveline
Page 166 and 167: 5. Citizen Participation in the deb
Page 168 and 169: Over time, there is also a slight,
Page 170 and 171: would significantly enhance our und
Page 172 and 173: Notes 1 According to the Nua Intern
Page 174: Kamarck, E. 1999. ”Campaigning on
Page 178 and 179: C. Summary and conclusions A discus
Page 180 and 181: perspective, the articles have been
Page 182 and 183: predicting candidate website functi
Page 184 and 185: articles in the thesis. In general,
Page 188 and 189: they did not appear to “become mo
Page 190 and 191: organizational, financial […] res
Page 192 and 193: The real impact of internet politic
Page 194 and 195: Norris, P. 2003. “Preaching to th
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