Parties, Candidates and Citizens On-Line - Åbo Akademi

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Focus now turns towards the studies which have found equalization of on-line party competition. The information in the truth table would yield the following Boolean expression: N=0 (Findings of equalization) when: aBcdE+ABcdE+aBCdE+ABCdE These terms can now be reduced to four-term expressions as follows: aBcdE combines with ABcdE to produce BcdE aBcdE also combines with aBCdE to produce aBdE ABcdE combines with ABCdE to produce ABdE aBCdE combines with ABCdE to produce BCdE These expressions can be further minimized into three-term expressions: BcdE combines with BCdE to produce BdE aBdE combines with ABdE to produce BdE The results of the QCA for the studies finding equalization result in the following final expression: E=BdE The studies of on-line party competition in which support for the equalization theory has been found have the following logical minimum conditions in common: 1. The studies have used scaled measurement of website contents in studying countries with a long history of democratic status and an unrestricted on-line media environment alongside a restricted off-line media environment. Alternative analyses The results of two QCAs using alternative coding values for the variables ‘election system’ and ‘media environment’ are briefly presented in this section (see Appendix C for full procedure). This serves to increase the validity of the findings in the main QCA (Jungerstam-Mulders 2003: 70-1; Peters 1998: 169-70). Put bluntly, the re-analyses were carried out in order to examine whether the findings of the study would have changed 49
dramatically if a different coding had been applied for cases numbered 7, 8 and 9 concerning the election system variable. Likewise concerning cases numbered 1, 6, 11, 13- 14 and 16 for the media environment variable. The result of the QCA with an alternative coding for the election system-variable produced the following final expressions: F = 1 when abcde+BCDE+AcDe and F = 0 when BdE These expressions contained the expressions concerning normalization, Ace+BCDE, and matched the exact expression concerning equalization, BdE, found in the main QCA analysis. Arguably, even though one new expression emerged for findings of normalization, this result increases the validity of the results from the main QCA. The results for the QCA with an alternative coding for the media environmentvariable yielded the following final solutions: F = 1 when BCE+Acde and F = 0 when AdE+BdE Again, either expressions, or large parts thereof, concerning normalization found in the main QCA can be traced in the findings of the alternative QCA. Regarding findings of equalization, the expression from the original QCA is exactly matched alongside one new expression. It should, however, be noted that the alternative QCA for the media environment produced two contradictory expressions where the same primitive Boolean expression had produced different outcomes. Even so, the two alternative QCA analyses have served to strengthen the validity of the findings of the original QCA. The original conditions for findings of normalization and equalization remained as parts of the new solutions, even though different variable coding was used. Discussion & conclusions The purpose of this analysis was to systematically explore the conditions, both country specific and methodological, for findings of either normalization or equalization. This was carried out through a meta-analysis of existing studies of on-line party competition. Metaanalyses were previously argued to be especially well suited for theory-development (Peters 1998: 160-1). Concerning the normalization and equalization theories, then: what can be learned from the results? Firstly, the findings could be regarded as an initial mapping of the conditions in which support for the theories have been found. As compared to the previous 50
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Kim Strandberg Studies of Politics
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PARTIES, CANDIDATES AND CITIZENS ON
Page 7 and 8: CIP Cataloguing in Publication Stra
Page 9 and 10: Jag vill även ta tillfället i akt
Page 11 and 12: C. Summary & Conclusions ..........
Page 13 and 14: List of tables Article I: Table 1.
Page 16: A. Introduction
Page 19 and 20: 26; Römmele 2003, 9-11). Therefore
Page 21 and 22: these scholarly visions (e.g. Corra
Page 23 and 24: 2003b; Gibson & Ward 2002). Regardi
Page 25 and 26: Some further comments regarding the
Page 27 and 28: for citizens’ participation and p
Page 29 and 30: providing the kind of structure for
Page 31 and 32: To further examine the central comp
Page 33 and 34: Scholars have noted that some of th
Page 35 and 36: • In the third article (Strandber
Page 37 and 38: References Barber, B. 1984. Strong
Page 39 and 40: Lusoli, W. 2005b. “The Internet a
Page 42: B. The articles
Page 45 and 46: Introduction Two specific theories
Page 47 and 48: proportional systems. It is therefo
Page 49 and 50: egulation of political advertising
Page 51 and 52: Because the study is case-oriented
Page 53 and 54: the discussion of the variable, the
Page 55 and 56: Table 1. Operationalizations of the
Page 57: There were no contradicting cases f
Page 61 and 62: of democratic status and the usage
Page 63 and 64: References Altheide, D. & Snow, R.
Page 65 and 66: Norris, P. (2003) ‘Preaching to t
Page 67 and 68: Appendix B: studies associated with
Page 69 and 70: ABdE+AbdE = AdE BCdE+BcdE = BdE Fin
Page 71 and 72: 1. Introduction Voter turnout in th
Page 73 and 74: integration [9,10]. A study by Tiil
Page 75 and 76: 3. Data and methodology Our focus o
Page 77 and 78: provided the bulk of the sites and,
Page 79 and 80: YLE, the state-owned Finnish Broadc
Page 81 and 82: 4.4. The on-line candidates: a clos
Page 83 and 84: 4.4.3. What kind of candidates did
Page 85 and 86: sources during the campaign. The qu
Page 87 and 88: The results presented hitherto are
Page 89 and 90: ecome involved in their campaigns.
Page 91 and 92: References [1] H. Schmitt, The Euro
Page 93 and 94: Appendix A. Abbreviated coding temp
Page 95 and 96: Introduction Party communication ha
Page 97 and 98: pursuit of executive office, policy
Page 99 and 100: 2001, 30; Pedersen & Saglie 2005, 3
Page 101 and 102: and efforts into using the web for
Page 103 and 104: finally, engaging communication 3.
Page 105 and 106: Finally, concerning the informative
Page 107 and 108: Nousiainen 1998, 55-59; Sundberg 19
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sophistication index. These parties
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(cf. Strom 1990, 570), and conseque
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identified two groups of parties on
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Notes: 1 As of November 16th 2005,
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Kitchelt, H. 2001. ‘Partisan Comp
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Appendix: Questionnaire scales Labo
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Targeting of specific voter segment
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Article IV On-line Campaigning - An
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Patterns of candidate on-line elect
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elements of interest pluralism (cf.
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The Finnish context As was briefly
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RQ1: How much predicting power do i
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stored locally two weeks prior to t
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Table 2. Logistical regression mode
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Table 4. Candidate website function
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Table 5. OLS multiple regression mo
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Table 6. OLS multiple regression mo
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affiliated party, even in the candi
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than their rivals (Margolis et al.
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References Altheide, David and Robe
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Norris, Pippa (2001a) A Virtuous Ci
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Campaigning Additive index: 1 point
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Article V “Town Hall” Meetings
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Hence, one must question whether th
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(Coleman and Goetze, 2001: 16; Norr
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Barber mentions that it is only whe
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of user preferences. If internet po
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Table 2. Average degree of liveline
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5. Citizen Participation in the deb
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Over time, there is also a slight,
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would significantly enhance our und
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Notes 1 According to the Nua Intern
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Kamarck, E. 1999. ”Campaigning on
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C. Summary and conclusions A discus
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perspective, the articles have been
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predicting candidate website functi
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articles in the thesis. In general,
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Finnish voters’ propensity to loo
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they did not appear to “become mo
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organizational, financial […] res
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The real impact of internet politic
Page 194 and 195:
Norris, P. 2003. “Preaching to th
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Parties, Candidates and Citizens On-Line - Åbo Akademi

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