The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History - Karatunov.net

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Preface and Acknowledgments It has become customary nowadays to start with an apology for “yet another book on the Roman army,” but this author, who would be the first to admit to a very strong bias toward the subject, feels that no apologies need be made for any amount of books on the Roman army. Not everyone has access to large libraries in the various educational institutions in the United States and Europe, so it is only students and lecturers who can view in one place most of the past and present corpus of books on the Romans and their armies. For the interested general reader, reliant upon public libraries and bookshops, the range is more limited . Books go out of pri n t , and the older ones do not nece s s a ri ly turn up in quantity on the Internet or in second-hand bookshops. There was a time, about thirty to forty years ago perhaps, when you could read everything there was available in the English language on the Roman army, but thankfully that has changed. The plethora of modern books, some of them translated from other languages, each have something extra to say, viewed from a different angle, and many of them do what books should do, which is to make you think. As for this book, it may just be the first one that a reader picks up about the Roman army, and then he or she may want to read other books to take the subject further. No serious-minded study on armies can afford to ignore the tremendously successful army that established a presence over so many parts of Europe and the Middle East, and survived far longer than any other. My first debt , a very old one now, is to the BBC, wh i ch broadcast history programs for schools on Wednesdays, when I suppose the teachers were glad of the opportunity to assemble us in our small village school, all twenty-eight of us, to listen to the radio, where it has been said “the pictures are better.” My second debt is to those wonderful epic films that they used to do so well and still make now and then. It doesn’t matter whether they get all of it right, if the films foster and develop an interest that is already there. You can learn a lot by trying to find out if the Roman soldiers were dre s s ed correct ly, i f t h ey did put thei r shields over their heads and call it a tortoise, if chariot races really were like that, if there was a slave revolt crushed by the armies of Marcus Licinius Crassus, and if Marcus Aurelius fought the German tribes from a base on the Danube. My third debt is to colleagues from the Department of Archaeology at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, to the late Charles Daniels who discussed things
x The Roman A rmy and listened, to Karen Dixon who first suggested writing, and without whom I probably would never have written anything, to Lindsay Allason-Jones for encouragement and ready wit, to Dr. Kevin Greene for the discussions in the Refectory on Fri d ay aftern oon s , to Dr. Julian Ben n ett ditto, to Dr. Jon Co u l s ton ditto, and to Carole Riley for all the ice creams and coffees.
Page 2: The Roman Army
Page 5 and 6: Copyright © 2006 by Pat Southern A
Page 7 and 8: vi C on ten ts Guard Troops: The Eq
Page 9: viii C on ten ts Britain in AD 83/8
Page 14: The Roman Army
Page 17 and 18: 2 The Roman A rmy new adversaries,
Page 19 and 20: 4 The Roman A rmy con tro l , co u
Page 21 and 22: 6 The Roman A rmy tives asking for
Page 23 and 24: 8 The Roman A rmy Bowman, 1983; Bow
Page 25 and 26: 10 The Roman A rmy the overall pict
Page 27 and 28: 12 The Roman A rmy Perhaps by way o
Page 29 and 30: 14 The Roman A rmy The inner panels
Page 31 and 32: 16 The Roman A rmy Trajan’s Colum
Page 33 and 34: 18 The Roman A rmy build up a pictu
Page 35 and 36: 20 The Roman A rmy freedom and inde
Page 37 and 38: 22 The Roman A rmy vers and battles
Page 39 and 40: 24 The Roman A rmy the tri bes of s
Page 41 and 42: 26 The Roman A rmy Titus Livius (Li
Page 43 and 44: 28 The Roman A rmy his work provide
Page 45 and 46: 30 The Roman A rmy Hyginus cannot b
Page 47 and 48: 32 The Roman A rmy 371 to 392 (Bran
Page 49 and 50: 34 The Roman A rmy a rmy, f ron ti
Page 51 and 52: 36 The Roman A rmy Prosopographia I
Page 53 and 54: 38 The Roman A rmy Rome was founded
Page 55 and 56: 40 The Roman A rmy supplies was vit
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The term p ro v i n c i a did not o
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H i s t o r i c a l Ba c k g r o u
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Ancient sources for the regal perio
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intended to keep to himself, as wel
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Sharing power with a colleague was
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set the total at 600, a figure that
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The principal duties of the consuls
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the ri ght of i n terce s s i o, or
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During the Republic there were two
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The Army of the Roman Republic Chap
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class (classis means “calling”)
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n euvers but could also provi de ac
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total of 600 men, but the numbers o
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tilius Rufus, had assembled an army
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The Roman A rmy 97 Roman soldiers e
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have been awarded its title Victrix
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as h a s t a tus po s teri o r, t h
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The Roman A rmy 103 There was no ex
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of the ba ll i s t a ri i , u n der
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From time to time soldiers could lo
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The Roman A rmy 109 Standardization
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The military records were scru p u
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The Roman A rmy 113 Local provision
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nu s , h ad been sent to ga t h er
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The Roman A rmy 117 wise at the acc
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Troops in Rome: The Urban Cohorts a
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The Roman A rmy 121 constantly move
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L i ke the ju n i or of f i cers in
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these were the legionary centurions
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The Roman A rmy 127 The normal tour
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the other five were equestrian trib
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Recruitment Ot h er Ra n k s The Ro
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ashing. For the majority of recruit
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The Roman A rmy 135 Ha n n i b a l
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chosen, or whether they had to appl
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The Roman A rmy 139 Ch ee s m a n ,
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142 The Roman A rmy manders usually
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144 The Roman A rmy original recrui
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146 The Roman A rmy from battle, le
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148 The Roman A rmy unit prob a bly
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150 The Roman A rmy Alaudae (the la
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152 The Roman A rmy does not imply
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154 The Roman A rmy mental chronolo
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156 The Roman A rmy the knee , but
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158 The Roman A rmy verted bowl mad
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160 The Roman A rmy Holidays and Ob
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162 The Roman A rmy The purely mili
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164 The Roman A rmy m i s s i o) .
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166 The Roman A rmy skirts are laid
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168 The Roman A rmy As noted above,
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Chapter 5 The Roman Army at War Doc
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 173 ref u s
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 175 Soldier
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 177 Undated
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Map showing the locations of the fr
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Plan of Wallsend fort, which stood
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 183 Arch of
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 185 the fro
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tail, chiefly from Britain and to s
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• Mules carrying the sections of
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On the march, the eight men of a c
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 193 Tem por
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 195 The Rom
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 197 could t
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t h em . A good example of this is
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 201 ti on c
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 203 closely
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 205 the wal
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 207 36 bc,
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Chapter 6 Tools of War We a pon r y
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shield unwieldy and therefore usele
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spatha in an archaeological dig doe
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Engraving after The Catapult by Edw
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took rep l ace a ble spri n gs so t
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Tools of Wa r 219 animals by foragi
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Tools of Wa r 221 down to 5,000 men
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Tools of Wa r 223 and Tiberius as t
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individual soldiers or were corpora
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Tools of Wa r 227 3 5 . 2 - 4 ) . G
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e s pon den ce , dealt with em b a
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Tools of Wa r 231 s en t . As Po ly
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their own decisions about how to re
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Tools of Wa r 235 Several of the at
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V-shaped cut, and if the bullet is
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the majori ty being the legi on a r
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Tools of Wa r 241 Title page of a m
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Tools of Wa r 243 Dixon, Karen R.,
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246 The Roman A rmy The hard-presse
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248 The Roman A rmy of the late thi
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250 The Roman A rmy ing the third c
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252 Map of the later Roman Empire r
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254 The Roman A rmy Danube may owe
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256 The Roman A rmy ti ons should c
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258 The Roman A rmy PROFITEERING IN
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260 The Roman A rmy of ad 366 refer
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262 The Roman A rmy In the later Ro
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264 The Roman A rmy The late Roman
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Chapter 8 Great Soldiers and Battle
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iography surely starts with him, an
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G r e at S o l d i e r s a n d B at
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The greatest general of his day, Po
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scription comes from the pen of Sue
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tri be s , he cut of f the hands of
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ing one cohort from the third line
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conquered the rest of Britain after
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e fe r e n c e s a n d f u r t h e
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Chapter 9 Current Assessment Ma j o
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C u r r e n t A s s e s s m e n t 3
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C u r r e n t A s s e s s m e n t 3
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of Rom a n s , provi n c i a l s ,
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Appendix Rank Structure in the Roma
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160 men. The five centurions were r
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Glossary acetum: sour wine ad signa
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G l o s s a ry 337 constitutio anto
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G l o s s a ry 339 in command to a
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G l o s s a ry 341 tribunus plebis:
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344 B i b l i o g r a p h y PBSR Pa
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346 B i b l i o g r a p h y Develin
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348 B i b l i o g r a p h y Robinso
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Index A note on Roman names: the Ro
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Arch of Severus, 14, 107, 321 (phot
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Black Sea, 241 Block-and-tackle, 23
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Cavalry, 91-92, 93, 94, 101-102, 14
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Cornelius Celsus, Aulus, 236-237 Co
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Elections, 2 Elginhaugh, 223 Elite
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and transmission of orders, 203 Gen
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Javelin. See Pilum Javolenus Priscu
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Librarii, 105, 333 Liccaius (rival
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and treatment of wounds, 236-237 an
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Patrimonium, 74-75, 78 Pax Romana,
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Pulcher, Commander under Arrian, 20
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Senate, 59 and decision to go to wa
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water, 111, 114, 221 See also Food
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See also Food supply; Supplies Trea
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and Praetorians, 117 and Urban Coho
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