The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History - Karatunov.net

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their own decisions about how to react to a particular set of circumstances, being unable to rely upon receiving instructions from the emperor in time to avert a crisis. For this reason, from the late first century onward, the emperor ceased to wait at the hub of the Roman world for news of the frontiers and war zones, and took charge himself. Mi l i t a r y Med i c i n e Tools of Wa r 233 Medicine in the Roman world was derived almost wholly from the Greeks, but in the area of m i l i t a ry medicine the Romans devel oped and improved upon Greek theory and practice. In particular, they learned how to treat wounds but did not neglect the cure of diseases, and they established hospitals in their forts, particularly in the legionary fortresses. The hospitals were staffed by specialist personnel, and medical staff went on campaign with their units. Hyginus mentions a hospital tent in his work on laying out the camp (De Metatione Castrorum 4.35), recommending that it should be placed where convalescent soldiers could find peace and quiet. The most com m on staff were the m ed i ci , a t te s ted in all types of u n i t s , i ncluding legions, auxiliary cohorts, and alae, the Urban Cohorts, the Praetorian Guard, the vigiles, and the equites singulares. The title medicus likely covered a range of different ranks and functions (Davies, 1969). Some of the medici were prob a bly ord i n a ry soldiers , i n clu ded with the i m mu n e s who were exc u s ed fati g u e s , but others were of f i cers , perhaps of con s i dera ble statu s . On some inscriptions, medici ordinarii are named, such as Caius Papirius Aelianus at Lamb aesis in North Af ri c a , who inciden t a lly lived for ei gh ty - f ive ye a rs , s even m on t h s , and fifteen days , in itsel f a good recom m en d a ti on for a doctor (I L S 2 4 3 2 ) . In the later Empire at the fort of Ni ederbi eber in Germ a ny, a cert a i n Processus set up a dedication to the household of the emperor, calling himself m edicus hord i n a ri u s (ILS 9 1 8 2 ) , perhaps a guide to the way in wh i ch he pronounced the word. It is possible that the medici ordinarii held the rank of centurion, but no source confirms this, so it must remain a contested theory. Some s ch o l a rs su ggest that o rd i n a rius s i m p ly means that the doctor served in the ranks. On a monumental inscription in Rome, listing the officers and men of the fifth cohort of the vigiles, there are four medici: Caius Runnius Hilaris, Caius Julius Hermes, Quintus Fabius Pollux, and Sextus Lutatius Ecarpus. These men are listed after an enumeration of the centurions and other officers such as the cornicularii, but before the soldiers of each century with the centurion’s name at the head. The position of their names with the officers lends some support to the theory that the medical men ranked with them. Some or perhaps all of the medici in the fleets ranked as duplicarii on double pay, as attested on an inscription from Puteoli (RIB 2315; see also CIL X 3441 from Misenum).
234 The gravestone of Anicius Ingenuus—a medicus ordinarius—is notable for the portrayal of a hare in the arch at the top. (Museum of Antiquities of the University and Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne)
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The Roman Army
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Copyright © 2006 by Pat Southern A
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vi C on ten ts Guard Troops: The Eq
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viii C on ten ts Britain in AD 83/8
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x The Roman A rmy and listened, to
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The Roman Army
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2 The Roman A rmy new adversaries,
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4 The Roman A rmy con tro l , co u
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6 The Roman A rmy tives asking for
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8 The Roman A rmy Bowman, 1983; Bow
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10 The Roman A rmy the overall pict
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12 The Roman A rmy Perhaps by way o
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14 The Roman A rmy The inner panels
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16 The Roman A rmy Trajan’s Colum
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18 The Roman A rmy build up a pictu
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20 The Roman A rmy freedom and inde
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22 The Roman A rmy vers and battles
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24 The Roman A rmy the tri bes of s
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26 The Roman A rmy Titus Livius (Li
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28 The Roman A rmy his work provide
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30 The Roman A rmy Hyginus cannot b
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32 The Roman A rmy 371 to 392 (Bran
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34 The Roman A rmy a rmy, f ron ti
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36 The Roman A rmy Prosopographia I
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38 The Roman A rmy Rome was founded
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40 The Roman A rmy supplies was vit
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42 Map of the Roman Empire in the m
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The term p ro v i n c i a did not o
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H i s t o r i c a l Ba c k g r o u
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Ancient sources for the regal perio
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intended to keep to himself, as wel
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Sharing power with a colleague was
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set the total at 600, a figure that
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The principal duties of the consuls
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the ri ght of i n terce s s i o, or
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During the Republic there were two
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The Army of the Roman Republic Chap
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class (classis means “calling”)
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n euvers but could also provi de ac
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total of 600 men, but the numbers o
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tilius Rufus, had assembled an army
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The Roman A rmy 97 Roman soldiers e
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have been awarded its title Victrix
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as h a s t a tus po s teri o r, t h
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The Roman A rmy 103 There was no ex
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of the ba ll i s t a ri i , u n der
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From time to time soldiers could lo
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The Roman A rmy 109 Standardization
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The military records were scru p u
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The Roman A rmy 113 Local provision
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nu s , h ad been sent to ga t h er
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The Roman A rmy 117 wise at the acc
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Troops in Rome: The Urban Cohorts a
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The Roman A rmy 121 constantly move
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L i ke the ju n i or of f i cers in
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these were the legionary centurions
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The Roman A rmy 127 The normal tour
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the other five were equestrian trib
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Recruitment Ot h er Ra n k s The Ro
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ashing. For the majority of recruit
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The Roman A rmy 135 Ha n n i b a l
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chosen, or whether they had to appl
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The Roman A rmy 139 Ch ee s m a n ,
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142 The Roman A rmy manders usually
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144 The Roman A rmy original recrui
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146 The Roman A rmy from battle, le
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148 The Roman A rmy unit prob a bly
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150 The Roman A rmy Alaudae (the la
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152 The Roman A rmy does not imply
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154 The Roman A rmy mental chronolo
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156 The Roman A rmy the knee , but
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158 The Roman A rmy verted bowl mad
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160 The Roman A rmy Holidays and Ob
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162 The Roman A rmy The purely mili
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164 The Roman A rmy m i s s i o) .
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166 The Roman A rmy skirts are laid
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168 The Roman A rmy As noted above,
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Chapter 5 The Roman Army at War Doc
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 173 ref u s
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 175 Soldier
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 177 Undated
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Map showing the locations of the fr
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Plan of Wallsend fort, which stood
Page 198 and 199: The Roman A rmy at Wa r 183 Arch of
Page 200 and 201: The Roman A rmy at Wa r 185 the fro
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Page 208 and 209: The Roman A rmy at Wa r 193 Tem por
Page 210 and 211: The Roman A rmy at Wa r 195 The Rom
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Page 214 and 215: t h em . A good example of this is
Page 216 and 217: The Roman A rmy at Wa r 201 ti on c
Page 218 and 219: The Roman A rmy at Wa r 203 closely
Page 220 and 221: The Roman A rmy at Wa r 205 the wal
Page 222 and 223: The Roman A rmy at Wa r 207 36 bc,
Page 224 and 225: Chapter 6 Tools of War We a pon r y
Page 226 and 227: shield unwieldy and therefore usele
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Page 230 and 231: Engraving after The Catapult by Edw
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Page 234 and 235: Tools of Wa r 219 animals by foragi
Page 236 and 237: Tools of Wa r 221 down to 5,000 men
Page 238 and 239: Tools of Wa r 223 and Tiberius as t
Page 240 and 241: individual soldiers or were corpora
Page 242 and 243: Tools of Wa r 227 3 5 . 2 - 4 ) . G
Page 244 and 245: e s pon den ce , dealt with em b a
Page 246 and 247: Tools of Wa r 231 s en t . As Po ly
Page 250 and 251: Tools of Wa r 235 Several of the at
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Page 256 and 257: Tools of Wa r 241 Title page of a m
Page 258: Tools of Wa r 243 Dixon, Karen R.,
Page 261 and 262: 246 The Roman A rmy The hard-presse
Page 263 and 264: 248 The Roman A rmy of the late thi
Page 265 and 266: 250 The Roman A rmy ing the third c
Page 267 and 268: 252 Map of the later Roman Empire r
Page 269 and 270: 254 The Roman A rmy Danube may owe
Page 271 and 272: 256 The Roman A rmy ti ons should c
Page 273 and 274: 258 The Roman A rmy PROFITEERING IN
Page 275 and 276: 260 The Roman A rmy of ad 366 refer
Page 277 and 278: 262 The Roman A rmy In the later Ro
Page 279 and 280: 264 The Roman A rmy The late Roman
Page 282 and 283: Chapter 8 Great Soldiers and Battle
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G r e at S o l d i e r s a n d B at
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scription comes from the pen of Sue
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tri be s , he cut of f the hands of
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ing one cohort from the third line
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conquered the rest of Britain after
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e fe r e n c e s a n d f u r t h e
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Chapter 9 Current Assessment Ma j o
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C u r r e n t A s s e s s m e n t 3
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C u r r e n t A s s e s s m e n t 3
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of Rom a n s , provi n c i a l s ,
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Appendix Rank Structure in the Roma
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160 men. The five centurions were r
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Glossary acetum: sour wine ad signa
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G l o s s a ry 337 constitutio anto
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G l o s s a ry 339 in command to a
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G l o s s a ry 341 tribunus plebis:
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344 B i b l i o g r a p h y PBSR Pa
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346 B i b l i o g r a p h y Develin
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348 B i b l i o g r a p h y Robinso
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Index A note on Roman names: the Ro
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Arch of Severus, 14, 107, 321 (phot
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Black Sea, 241 Block-and-tackle, 23
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Cavalry, 91-92, 93, 94, 101-102, 14
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Cornelius Celsus, Aulus, 236-237 Co
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Elections, 2 Elginhaugh, 223 Elite
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and transmission of orders, 203 Gen
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Javelin. See Pilum Javolenus Priscu
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Librarii, 105, 333 Liccaius (rival
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and treatment of wounds, 236-237 an
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Patrimonium, 74-75, 78 Pax Romana,
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Pulcher, Commander under Arrian, 20
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Senate, 59 and decision to go to wa
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water, 111, 114, 221 See also Food
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See also Food supply; Supplies Trea
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and Praetorians, 117 and Urban Coho
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