The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History - Karatunov.net

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of Rom a n s , provi n c i a l s , and non - Rom a n s . Si m i l a rly, in the eastern provi n ce s , study of the natives and the Romans has begun to meld to a greater degree than h i t h erto, but access to some of the ers t while provi n ces can be difficult or restricted for western archaeologists and historians. The ethnicity of Roman soldiers has received more attention in the last few years, but more work needs to be done on the origins of the soldiers and the recruitment patterns of the legions and auxiliary units on the basis of the thousands of inscriptions and archaeological finds from various forts. The so-called i rregular troop s , the nu m eri , h ave been su rveyed (So ut h ern , 1 9 8 9 ) , but more work needs to be done on the date of t h eir cre a ti on , t h eir functi on s , and the great divers i ty of units with the title nu m eru s , in particular those of the later Empire as listed in the Notitia Dignitatum. Many of the directions for further research require the impossible or near impossible: more extensive excavation, the discovery of more records, inscriptions, papyri, or wooden tablets. Most of all, scholars need informed speculation, lateral thinking, and reexamination of the existing evidence and received opinion. Occasional discoveries that change opinions or simply add to knowledge are not completely out of the question, which means that the fascination of i nve s ti ga ting the Roman army wi ll never die, and the def i n i tive stu dy wi ll n ever be wri t ten . We can simply make interim statem en t s , with updates from time to time. r e fe r e n c e s a n d f u r t h e r r e a d i n g C u r r e n t A s s e s s m e n t 329 Alston, Richard. 1994. “Roman military pay from Caesar to Diocletian.” Journal of Roman Studies 84, 111–123. Campbell, J. Brian. 1984. The Emperor and the Roman Army 31 bc–ad 235. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ———. 1994. The Roman Army 31 bc–ad 337: A Sourcebook. London: Routledge. Dixon, Karen R., and Southern, P. 1992. The Roman Cavalry from the First to the Third Century. London: Batsford. Dodgeon, M.H., and Lieu, S.N.C. 1991. The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (ad 226–363): A Documentary History. London: Routledge. Elton, Hugh. 1996. Frontiers of the Roman Empire. London: Batsford. Gilliver, Catherine M. 2000. The Roman Art of War. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus Publishing. Goldsworthy, Adrian K. 1996. The Roman Army at War 100 bc–ad 200. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ———. 2003a. The Complete Roman Army. London: Thames and Hudson. ———. 2003b. In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
330 The Roman A rmy Ireland, S. 1986. Roman Britain: A Sourcebook. London: Croom Helm. Loriot, Xavier, and Nony, D. 1997. La Crise de L’Empire Romain 235–285. Paris: Armand Colin. Luttwak, Edward. 1976. The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire from the First Century ad to the Third. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Reprinted London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1999. Mann, John C. 1974. “The frontiers of the Principate.” ANRW II.I, 508–531. Mattern, Susan P. 1999. Rome and the Enemy: Imperial Strategy in the Principate. Berkeley: University of California Press. Southern, Pat. 1989. “The Numeri of the Imperial Roman army.” Britannia 20, 80–140. Speidel, M.A. 1992. “Roman army pay scales.” Journal of Roman Studies 82, 87–106. Wells, Colin M. 1977. “Where did they put the horses? Cavalry stables in the early Empire.” In J. Fitz (ed.), Limes: Akten des XI Internationalen Limeskongresses, Szekesfehevar, 1976. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado, 659–665. Whittaker, C.R. 1994. Frontiers of the Roman Empire: A Social and Economic Study. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
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The Roman Army
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Copyright © 2006 by Pat Southern A
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vi C on ten ts Guard Troops: The Eq
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viii C on ten ts Britain in AD 83/8
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x The Roman A rmy and listened, to
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The Roman Army
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2 The Roman A rmy new adversaries,
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4 The Roman A rmy con tro l , co u
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6 The Roman A rmy tives asking for
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8 The Roman A rmy Bowman, 1983; Bow
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10 The Roman A rmy the overall pict
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12 The Roman A rmy Perhaps by way o
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14 The Roman A rmy The inner panels
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16 The Roman A rmy Trajan’s Colum
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18 The Roman A rmy build up a pictu
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20 The Roman A rmy freedom and inde
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22 The Roman A rmy vers and battles
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24 The Roman A rmy the tri bes of s
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26 The Roman A rmy Titus Livius (Li
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28 The Roman A rmy his work provide
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30 The Roman A rmy Hyginus cannot b
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32 The Roman A rmy 371 to 392 (Bran
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34 The Roman A rmy a rmy, f ron ti
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36 The Roman A rmy Prosopographia I
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38 The Roman A rmy Rome was founded
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40 The Roman A rmy supplies was vit
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42 Map of the Roman Empire in the m
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The term p ro v i n c i a did not o
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H i s t o r i c a l Ba c k g r o u
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Ancient sources for the regal perio
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intended to keep to himself, as wel
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Sharing power with a colleague was
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set the total at 600, a figure that
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The principal duties of the consuls
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the ri ght of i n terce s s i o, or
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During the Republic there were two
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The Army of the Roman Republic Chap
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class (classis means “calling”)
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n euvers but could also provi de ac
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total of 600 men, but the numbers o
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tilius Rufus, had assembled an army
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The Roman A rmy 97 Roman soldiers e
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have been awarded its title Victrix
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as h a s t a tus po s teri o r, t h
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The Roman A rmy 103 There was no ex
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of the ba ll i s t a ri i , u n der
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From time to time soldiers could lo
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The Roman A rmy 109 Standardization
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The military records were scru p u
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The Roman A rmy 113 Local provision
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nu s , h ad been sent to ga t h er
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The Roman A rmy 117 wise at the acc
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Troops in Rome: The Urban Cohorts a
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The Roman A rmy 121 constantly move
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L i ke the ju n i or of f i cers in
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these were the legionary centurions
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The Roman A rmy 127 The normal tour
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the other five were equestrian trib
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Recruitment Ot h er Ra n k s The Ro
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ashing. For the majority of recruit
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The Roman A rmy 135 Ha n n i b a l
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chosen, or whether they had to appl
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The Roman A rmy 139 Ch ee s m a n ,
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142 The Roman A rmy manders usually
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144 The Roman A rmy original recrui
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146 The Roman A rmy from battle, le
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148 The Roman A rmy unit prob a bly
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150 The Roman A rmy Alaudae (the la
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152 The Roman A rmy does not imply
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154 The Roman A rmy mental chronolo
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156 The Roman A rmy the knee , but
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158 The Roman A rmy verted bowl mad
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160 The Roman A rmy Holidays and Ob
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162 The Roman A rmy The purely mili
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164 The Roman A rmy m i s s i o) .
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166 The Roman A rmy skirts are laid
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168 The Roman A rmy As noted above,
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Chapter 5 The Roman Army at War Doc
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 173 ref u s
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 175 Soldier
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 177 Undated
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Map showing the locations of the fr
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Plan of Wallsend fort, which stood
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 183 Arch of
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 185 the fro
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tail, chiefly from Britain and to s
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• Mules carrying the sections of
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On the march, the eight men of a c
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 193 Tem por
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 195 The Rom
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 197 could t
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t h em . A good example of this is
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 201 ti on c
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 203 closely
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 205 the wal
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 207 36 bc,
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Chapter 6 Tools of War We a pon r y
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shield unwieldy and therefore usele
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spatha in an archaeological dig doe
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Engraving after The Catapult by Edw
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took rep l ace a ble spri n gs so t
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Tools of Wa r 219 animals by foragi
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Tools of Wa r 221 down to 5,000 men
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Tools of Wa r 223 and Tiberius as t
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individual soldiers or were corpora
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Tools of Wa r 227 3 5 . 2 - 4 ) . G
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e s pon den ce , dealt with em b a
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Tools of Wa r 231 s en t . As Po ly
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their own decisions about how to re
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Tools of Wa r 235 Several of the at
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V-shaped cut, and if the bullet is
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the majori ty being the legi on a r
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Tools of Wa r 241 Title page of a m
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Tools of Wa r 243 Dixon, Karen R.,
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246 The Roman A rmy The hard-presse
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248 The Roman A rmy of the late thi
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250 The Roman A rmy ing the third c
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252 Map of the later Roman Empire r
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254 The Roman A rmy Danube may owe
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256 The Roman A rmy ti ons should c
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258 The Roman A rmy PROFITEERING IN
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260 The Roman A rmy of ad 366 refer
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262 The Roman A rmy In the later Ro
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264 The Roman A rmy The late Roman
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Chapter 8 Great Soldiers and Battle
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iography surely starts with him, an
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G r e at S o l d i e r s a n d B at
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Page 294 and 295: The greatest general of his day, Po
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Page 308 and 309: scription comes from the pen of Sue
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Page 324 and 325: ing one cohort from the third line
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Page 336 and 337: e fe r e n c e s a n d f u r t h e
Page 338 and 339: Chapter 9 Current Assessment Ma j o
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Page 346 and 347: Appendix Rank Structure in the Roma
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Page 359 and 360: 344 B i b l i o g r a p h y PBSR Pa
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Page 366 and 367: Index A note on Roman names: the Ro
Page 368 and 369: Arch of Severus, 14, 107, 321 (phot
Page 370 and 371: Black Sea, 241 Block-and-tackle, 23
Page 372 and 373: Cavalry, 91-92, 93, 94, 101-102, 14
Page 374 and 375: Cornelius Celsus, Aulus, 236-237 Co
Page 376 and 377: Elections, 2 Elginhaugh, 223 Elite
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Page 382 and 383: Librarii, 105, 333 Liccaius (rival
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Page 386 and 387: Patrimonium, 74-75, 78 Pax Romana,
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Page 390 and 391: Senate, 59 and decision to go to wa
Page 392 and 393: water, 111, 114, 221 See also Food
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See also Food supply; Supplies Trea
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and Praetorians, 117 and Urban Coho
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