The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History - Karatunov.net

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H i s t o r i c a l Ba c k g r o u n d 53 Pompey’s Pillar in Alexandria, Egypt. Although the pillar is associated with Pompey the Great, it was actually built in honor of the Roman Emperor Diocletian around 300. (Library of Congress) and that setting an example of success in war coupled with militant determination could sometimes achieve results without fighting at all. Another welcome discovery was that war was profitable; after the third and final Macedonian War, the income flowing into Rome was sufficient to enable the Senate to abolish the direct taxation of Roman citizens.
54 The Roman A rmy The dec ades from the 160s to the 130s bc were marked by repe a ted wars , sometimes on two or more fronts. Rebellions in Spain involved Roman armies in bl oody and cru el wars that stra i n ed manpower re s o u rce s . Levies to rep l ace troops became very unpop u l a r. This was qu i te unlike the war with Ha n n i b a l , where Rome and the allies were under threat from an invader on their own territory, and willingly made sacrifices to provide soldiers to protect their homel a n d s . The forei gn wars repre s en ted no immed i a te threat to Rom e , and there was not even a promise of cartloads of booty to compensate for the unpopulari ty of s ervi ce . Roman com m a n ders were not ch o s en for their military talen t s , but appointed as their turn came. For the most part they failed to act with either a bi l i ty or nobi l i ty, con tri buting to the pro l on ga ti on of the war and waste of manpower. While the Spanish wars dra gged on , Rome also dealt with Ca rt h a ge , completely destroying the city in 146. In the same year, Corinth was also destroyed. The province of Africa was created from the most fertile lands around the site of Ca rt h a ge . Crete and Cyprus were annexed to help to con trol piracy in the Mediterranean and to provide grain for Rome, and Syria was taken over after the eastern campaigns of Pompey the Great. In the west, Julius Caesar spent ten years subduing the Gauls, and then territorial expansion ceased while the Romans fought each other for nearly two decades. Recurrent Themes in the Political Agenda of the Late Republic The army and politics were inextricably interrelated as the Republic turned into the Empire. The burden of military recruitment had always fallen mainly upon the rural population. When the soldiers eventually returned home, their small farms were often in ruins or mortgaged in order to support their families. Some s o l d i ers rem a i n ed in the provi n ce s , and some of the small farm ers migra ted , while others were simply displaced and their lands absorbed by the owners of the large estates, the latifundia. Many of the dispossessed joined the urban mob in Rome. In the mid-second century bc the disappearance of the farmers from the land became a serious political issue, because of the consequent reduction in the pool of Roman citizens and Italian allies eligible for army service. Resettlement on the land was a perennial feature in the political programs of the reformers. Ti berius Sem pron ius Gracchu s , tri bune of the plebs in 133, i n trodu ced a land bi ll de s i gn ed to rep l ace the small farm ers on plots of p u blic land that they co u l d not give aw ay or su bl et , and for wh i ch they were to pay an afford a ble rent to the s t a te . This sch eme would thus recon s ti tute the class of s m a ll h o l ders who provi ded rec ruits for the Roman army. The main probl em was that the public land h ad gradu a lly been en c roach ed upon by landown ers who had ign ored the laws
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The Roman Army
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Copyright © 2006 by Pat Southern A
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vi C on ten ts Guard Troops: The Eq
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viii C on ten ts Britain in AD 83/8
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x The Roman A rmy and listened, to
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The Roman Army
Page 17 and 18: 2 The Roman A rmy new adversaries,
Page 19 and 20: 4 The Roman A rmy con tro l , co u
Page 21 and 22: 6 The Roman A rmy tives asking for
Page 23 and 24: 8 The Roman A rmy Bowman, 1983; Bow
Page 25 and 26: 10 The Roman A rmy the overall pict
Page 27 and 28: 12 The Roman A rmy Perhaps by way o
Page 29 and 30: 14 The Roman A rmy The inner panels
Page 31 and 32: 16 The Roman A rmy Trajan’s Colum
Page 33 and 34: 18 The Roman A rmy build up a pictu
Page 35 and 36: 20 The Roman A rmy freedom and inde
Page 37 and 38: 22 The Roman A rmy vers and battles
Page 39 and 40: 24 The Roman A rmy the tri bes of s
Page 41 and 42: 26 The Roman A rmy Titus Livius (Li
Page 43 and 44: 28 The Roman A rmy his work provide
Page 45 and 46: 30 The Roman A rmy Hyginus cannot b
Page 47 and 48: 32 The Roman A rmy 371 to 392 (Bran
Page 49 and 50: 34 The Roman A rmy a rmy, f ron ti
Page 51 and 52: 36 The Roman A rmy Prosopographia I
Page 53 and 54: 38 The Roman A rmy Rome was founded
Page 55 and 56: 40 The Roman A rmy supplies was vit
Page 57: 42 Map of the Roman Empire in the m
Page 60 and 61: The term p ro v i n c i a did not o
Page 62 and 63: H i s t o r i c a l Ba c k g r o u
Page 66 and 67: Ancient sources for the regal perio
Page 74 and 75: intended to keep to himself, as wel
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Page 80 and 81: The principal duties of the consuls
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Page 88 and 89: During the Republic there were two
Page 102 and 103: The Army of the Roman Republic Chap
Page 104 and 105: class (classis means “calling”)
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Page 108 and 109: total of 600 men, but the numbers o
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Page 112 and 113: The Roman A rmy 97 Roman soldiers e
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The Roman A rmy 103 There was no ex
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of the ba ll i s t a ri i , u n der
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From time to time soldiers could lo
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The Roman A rmy 109 Standardization
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The military records were scru p u
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The Roman A rmy 113 Local provision
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nu s , h ad been sent to ga t h er
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The Roman A rmy 117 wise at the acc
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Troops in Rome: The Urban Cohorts a
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The Roman A rmy 121 constantly move
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L i ke the ju n i or of f i cers in
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these were the legionary centurions
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The Roman A rmy 127 The normal tour
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the other five were equestrian trib
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Recruitment Ot h er Ra n k s The Ro
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ashing. For the majority of recruit
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The Roman A rmy 135 Ha n n i b a l
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chosen, or whether they had to appl
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The Roman A rmy 139 Ch ee s m a n ,
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142 The Roman A rmy manders usually
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144 The Roman A rmy original recrui
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146 The Roman A rmy from battle, le
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148 The Roman A rmy unit prob a bly
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150 The Roman A rmy Alaudae (the la
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152 The Roman A rmy does not imply
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154 The Roman A rmy mental chronolo
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156 The Roman A rmy the knee , but
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158 The Roman A rmy verted bowl mad
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160 The Roman A rmy Holidays and Ob
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162 The Roman A rmy The purely mili
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164 The Roman A rmy m i s s i o) .
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166 The Roman A rmy skirts are laid
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168 The Roman A rmy As noted above,
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Chapter 5 The Roman Army at War Doc
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 173 ref u s
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 175 Soldier
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 177 Undated
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Map showing the locations of the fr
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Plan of Wallsend fort, which stood
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 183 Arch of
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 185 the fro
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tail, chiefly from Britain and to s
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• Mules carrying the sections of
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On the march, the eight men of a c
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 193 Tem por
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 195 The Rom
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 197 could t
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t h em . A good example of this is
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 201 ti on c
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 203 closely
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 205 the wal
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 207 36 bc,
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Chapter 6 Tools of War We a pon r y
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shield unwieldy and therefore usele
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spatha in an archaeological dig doe
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Engraving after The Catapult by Edw
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took rep l ace a ble spri n gs so t
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Tools of Wa r 219 animals by foragi
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Tools of Wa r 221 down to 5,000 men
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Tools of Wa r 223 and Tiberius as t
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individual soldiers or were corpora
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Tools of Wa r 227 3 5 . 2 - 4 ) . G
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e s pon den ce , dealt with em b a
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Tools of Wa r 231 s en t . As Po ly
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their own decisions about how to re
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Tools of Wa r 235 Several of the at
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V-shaped cut, and if the bullet is
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the majori ty being the legi on a r
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Tools of Wa r 241 Title page of a m
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Tools of Wa r 243 Dixon, Karen R.,
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246 The Roman A rmy The hard-presse
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248 The Roman A rmy of the late thi
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250 The Roman A rmy ing the third c
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252 Map of the later Roman Empire r
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254 The Roman A rmy Danube may owe
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256 The Roman A rmy ti ons should c
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258 The Roman A rmy PROFITEERING IN
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260 The Roman A rmy of ad 366 refer
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262 The Roman A rmy In the later Ro
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264 The Roman A rmy The late Roman
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Chapter 8 Great Soldiers and Battle
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iography surely starts with him, an
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G r e at S o l d i e r s a n d B at
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The greatest general of his day, Po
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scription comes from the pen of Sue
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tri be s , he cut of f the hands of
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ing one cohort from the third line
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conquered the rest of Britain after
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e fe r e n c e s a n d f u r t h e
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Chapter 9 Current Assessment Ma j o
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C u r r e n t A s s e s s m e n t 3
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C u r r e n t A s s e s s m e n t 3
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of Rom a n s , provi n c i a l s ,
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Appendix Rank Structure in the Roma
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160 men. The five centurions were r
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Glossary acetum: sour wine ad signa
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G l o s s a ry 337 constitutio anto
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G l o s s a ry 339 in command to a
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G l o s s a ry 341 tribunus plebis:
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344 B i b l i o g r a p h y PBSR Pa
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346 B i b l i o g r a p h y Develin
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348 B i b l i o g r a p h y Robinso
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Index A note on Roman names: the Ro
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Arch of Severus, 14, 107, 321 (phot
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Black Sea, 241 Block-and-tackle, 23
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Cavalry, 91-92, 93, 94, 101-102, 14
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Cornelius Celsus, Aulus, 236-237 Co
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Elections, 2 Elginhaugh, 223 Elite
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and transmission of orders, 203 Gen
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Javelin. See Pilum Javolenus Priscu
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Librarii, 105, 333 Liccaius (rival
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and treatment of wounds, 236-237 an
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Patrimonium, 74-75, 78 Pax Romana,
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Pulcher, Commander under Arrian, 20
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Senate, 59 and decision to go to wa
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water, 111, 114, 221 See also Food
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See also Food supply; Supplies Trea
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and Praetorians, 117 and Urban Coho
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