The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History - Karatunov.net

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G l o s s a ry 339 in command to a Dictator; in the late Roman army it was an important military post in command of the cavalry units magister militum: master of the soldiers, i.e., the whole army in the late Roman period magister officiorum: late Roman head of the secretarial offices magister peditum: master of the infantry of the late Roman army maniple: a unit of the Republican army consisting of two centuries medicus: doctor medimnus: Greek measure for grain used by Polybius; estimates of modern equivalents vary considerably modius: Roman corn measure numerus (plural numeri): meaning “unit” in a very general sense, but from the late first or early second century applied to small, so-called ethnic units commonly found on the German and Dacian frontiers and in Africa optio: second in command to a centurion paenula: soldier’s cloak, something like a duffel coat with a hood paludamentum: officer’s cloak worn around the shoulders with the end draped over the left arm phalerae: military decorations worn on the breastplate pilum: missile weapon used by legionaries consisting of a long thin metal shank with a pyramidal tip, attached to a wooden shaft. There were various different sizes and types of pila. praefectus: prefect, a title given to several different officials and military officers; most commonly a commander of an auxiliary ala or cohort praefectus castrorum: camp prefect, third in command of a legion during the Empire praeiuratio: first stage of the military oath (sacramentum) in which the first man repeated the entire oath and the rest declared “the same for me” (idem in me) praepositus: title given to an officer temporarily in command of troops, such as the numeri of the German and Dacian frontiers, or vexillations of troops brought together for a war. It is not strictly a rank, and soldiers of different grades could be appointed as praepositi for very varied tasks of high or low importance. praeses (plural praesides): provincial governor of equestrian rank, common from Severan times onward praetentura: part of a Roman fort in front of the headquarters (principia), as opposed to the area behind it known as the retentura praetor: the praetorship had a long history. Originally the praetors were the chief magistrates in early Republican Rome but were eventually superceded by the consuls. When the consuls were absent the praetor was in charge of the courts, acted as president of the Senate, and had the right to command armies. praetorium: commanding officer’s house in a Roman fort, usually with rooms arranged around a courtyard, to house his family and servants prata: literally, meadow. In the military context this area was probably where the unit’s animals were grazed around a fort.
340 G l o s s a ry primus pilus: the most senior centurion in a legion, commanding the first century of the first cohort principia: headquarters of a Roman fort where the standards were laid up and the administrative offices were situated probatio: preliminary examination of recruits and horses for the army protectores: a title used by Gallienus for his military entourage, not simply a bodyguard, but perhaps the foundation of a staff college formed from officers loyal to the emperor pseudo-comitatenses: late Roman troops taken from the limitanei or frontier armies to serve in the field army pteruges: leather straps attached to armor quaestor: originally the lowest ranking magistrates of the Republic appointed to assist the consuls in financial matters. The office was held by young men at the start of their career before they had entered the Senate. As the Empire expanded more quaestors were created to deal with provincial administration. Quaestors acted as deputies to consular governors and could hold commands in the army. Sometimes in modern versions of ancient works, quaestor is translated as quartermaster, which is not strictly accurate. ripenses: troops serving on river frontiers in the late Roman army sacellum: chapel of the standards in the headquarters of a Roman fort sacramentum: the military oath of obedience and loyalty to the emperor; during the Republic soldiers swore to obey their commanders, usually the consuls sagittarius: archer sagum: cloak worn by soldiers schola: late Roman cavalry guard unit; scholae palatinae were the emperor’s guard sesquiplicarius: soldier on one and a half times normal pay; third in command of a cavalry turma sestertius: Roman silver coin; four sestertii equalled one denarius signifer: standard bearer signum: military standard of an individual century, consisting of various metal emblems on a pole, frequently topped by a hand with the palm facing forward singulares: bodyguards of various Roman officers, chosen from their original units, either cavalry or infantry. Equites and pedites singulares consularis formed the guard of a provincial governor, chosen from the units in the province and equites singulares Augusti formed the bodyguard of the emperor, chosen from units all over the Empire. spatha: long sword, used by infantry and cavalry from the second century ad onward, and predominantly by the cavalry of the late Roman army stipendium: military pay, also applied to a period of service territorium: in the military context, land belonging to the army marked by boundary stones and perhaps used to grow crops testudo: literally tortoise or turtle, a formation where soldiers raised their shields above their heads and overlapped them at the front and the sides to advance in almost complete protection. tiro (plural tirones): recruit
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The Roman Army
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Copyright © 2006 by Pat Southern A
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vi C on ten ts Guard Troops: The Eq
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viii C on ten ts Britain in AD 83/8
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x The Roman A rmy and listened, to
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The Roman Army
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2 The Roman A rmy new adversaries,
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4 The Roman A rmy con tro l , co u
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6 The Roman A rmy tives asking for
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8 The Roman A rmy Bowman, 1983; Bow
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10 The Roman A rmy the overall pict
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12 The Roman A rmy Perhaps by way o
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14 The Roman A rmy The inner panels
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16 The Roman A rmy Trajan’s Colum
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18 The Roman A rmy build up a pictu
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20 The Roman A rmy freedom and inde
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22 The Roman A rmy vers and battles
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24 The Roman A rmy the tri bes of s
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26 The Roman A rmy Titus Livius (Li
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28 The Roman A rmy his work provide
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30 The Roman A rmy Hyginus cannot b
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32 The Roman A rmy 371 to 392 (Bran
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34 The Roman A rmy a rmy, f ron ti
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36 The Roman A rmy Prosopographia I
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38 The Roman A rmy Rome was founded
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40 The Roman A rmy supplies was vit
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42 Map of the Roman Empire in the m
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The term p ro v i n c i a did not o
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H i s t o r i c a l Ba c k g r o u
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Ancient sources for the regal perio
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intended to keep to himself, as wel
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Sharing power with a colleague was
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set the total at 600, a figure that
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The principal duties of the consuls
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the ri ght of i n terce s s i o, or
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During the Republic there were two
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The Army of the Roman Republic Chap
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class (classis means “calling”)
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n euvers but could also provi de ac
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total of 600 men, but the numbers o
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tilius Rufus, had assembled an army
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The Roman A rmy 97 Roman soldiers e
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have been awarded its title Victrix
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as h a s t a tus po s teri o r, t h
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The Roman A rmy 103 There was no ex
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of the ba ll i s t a ri i , u n der
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From time to time soldiers could lo
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The Roman A rmy 109 Standardization
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The military records were scru p u
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The Roman A rmy 113 Local provision
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nu s , h ad been sent to ga t h er
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The Roman A rmy 117 wise at the acc
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Troops in Rome: The Urban Cohorts a
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The Roman A rmy 121 constantly move
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L i ke the ju n i or of f i cers in
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these were the legionary centurions
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The Roman A rmy 127 The normal tour
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the other five were equestrian trib
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Recruitment Ot h er Ra n k s The Ro
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ashing. For the majority of recruit
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The Roman A rmy 135 Ha n n i b a l
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chosen, or whether they had to appl
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The Roman A rmy 139 Ch ee s m a n ,
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142 The Roman A rmy manders usually
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144 The Roman A rmy original recrui
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146 The Roman A rmy from battle, le
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148 The Roman A rmy unit prob a bly
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150 The Roman A rmy Alaudae (the la
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152 The Roman A rmy does not imply
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154 The Roman A rmy mental chronolo
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156 The Roman A rmy the knee , but
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158 The Roman A rmy verted bowl mad
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160 The Roman A rmy Holidays and Ob
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162 The Roman A rmy The purely mili
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164 The Roman A rmy m i s s i o) .
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166 The Roman A rmy skirts are laid
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168 The Roman A rmy As noted above,
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Chapter 5 The Roman Army at War Doc
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 173 ref u s
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 175 Soldier
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 177 Undated
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Map showing the locations of the fr
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Plan of Wallsend fort, which stood
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 183 Arch of
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 185 the fro
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tail, chiefly from Britain and to s
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• Mules carrying the sections of
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On the march, the eight men of a c
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 193 Tem por
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 195 The Rom
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 197 could t
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t h em . A good example of this is
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 201 ti on c
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 203 closely
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 205 the wal
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 207 36 bc,
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Chapter 6 Tools of War We a pon r y
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shield unwieldy and therefore usele
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spatha in an archaeological dig doe
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Engraving after The Catapult by Edw
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took rep l ace a ble spri n gs so t
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Tools of Wa r 219 animals by foragi
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Tools of Wa r 221 down to 5,000 men
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Tools of Wa r 223 and Tiberius as t
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individual soldiers or were corpora
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Tools of Wa r 227 3 5 . 2 - 4 ) . G
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e s pon den ce , dealt with em b a
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Tools of Wa r 231 s en t . As Po ly
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their own decisions about how to re
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Tools of Wa r 235 Several of the at
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V-shaped cut, and if the bullet is
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the majori ty being the legi on a r
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Tools of Wa r 241 Title page of a m
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Tools of Wa r 243 Dixon, Karen R.,
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246 The Roman A rmy The hard-presse
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248 The Roman A rmy of the late thi
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250 The Roman A rmy ing the third c
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252 Map of the later Roman Empire r
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254 The Roman A rmy Danube may owe
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256 The Roman A rmy ti ons should c
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258 The Roman A rmy PROFITEERING IN
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260 The Roman A rmy of ad 366 refer
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262 The Roman A rmy In the later Ro
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264 The Roman A rmy The late Roman
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Chapter 8 Great Soldiers and Battle
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iography surely starts with him, an
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G r e at S o l d i e r s a n d B at
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The greatest general of his day, Po
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Page 340 and 341: C u r r e n t A s s e s s m e n t 3
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Page 346 and 347: Appendix Rank Structure in the Roma
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Page 366 and 367: Index A note on Roman names: the Ro
Page 368 and 369: Arch of Severus, 14, 107, 321 (phot
Page 370 and 371: Black Sea, 241 Block-and-tackle, 23
Page 372 and 373: Cavalry, 91-92, 93, 94, 101-102, 14
Page 374 and 375: Cornelius Celsus, Aulus, 236-237 Co
Page 376 and 377: Elections, 2 Elginhaugh, 223 Elite
Page 378 and 379: and transmission of orders, 203 Gen
Page 380 and 381: Javelin. See Pilum Javolenus Priscu
Page 382 and 383: Librarii, 105, 333 Liccaius (rival
Page 384 and 385: and treatment of wounds, 236-237 an
Page 386 and 387: Patrimonium, 74-75, 78 Pax Romana,
Page 388 and 389: Pulcher, Commander under Arrian, 20
Page 390 and 391: Senate, 59 and decision to go to wa
Page 392 and 393: water, 111, 114, 221 See also Food
Page 394 and 395: See also Food supply; Supplies Trea
Page 396: and Praetorians, 117 and Urban Coho
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