The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History - Karatunov.net

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nu s , h ad been sent to ga t h er fuel for the baths (m i s sus lign a ri ba l n ei) (Fink, 1971). There is some evidence from Britain that the Romans used coal for fuel. E l i te or Special Units This section incorporates Roman military units that differed from the legions and the auxilia, but were not necessarily “elite” in the sense that they were highs t a tu s , h a n d - p i cked troops ch o s en for their prowe s s , a ppe a ra n ce , or proven ability. The Praetorian Guard and the equites singulares readily fall into the category of elite units, but the other types of units are described here because they performed specific tasks, and they were stationed in Rome and Italy, rather than in the provinces. Guard Troops: The Praetorian Guard The Roman A rmy 115 During the Republic, a general at the head of troops was forbidden to cross the c i ty bo u n d a ri e s , and there were no official bodyg u a rds for any of the magi stra te s . On campaign , m i l i t a ry com m a n ders assem bl ed a coh o rs pra eto ria to guard them, taking the name from the praetorium or camp headquarters. Both Mark Antony and Octavian assembled large bodyguards, and at the end of the civil wars Octavian did not disband his praetorian cohort. In 27 or 28 bc he established nine cohorts of the Praetorian Guard to protect him and his family. From the second century ad, the Praetorians accompanied the emperors to various wars but without tactical functions. They trained as legionaries, although their dress, armor, and equipment were much more elaborate, their status was much higher, and they were paid more than the legionaries and auxiliaries. There were good career prospects for Praetorians. In the early first century, when the legionaries were paid 225 denarii per annum, the Praetorians probably received 375 denarii. The differential increased under Domitian, who raised legionary pay to 300 denarii and that of the Praetorians to 1,000 denarii. Whenever the emperors paid a donative to the troops, the Praetorians always received more than the soldiers. The custom was soon established of paying a money gift to the Praetorians on the accession of a new emperor and on any special occasion such as a military victory, or the promotion of a member of the Imperial family. As a result, the Guardsmen and officers could soon accumulate a small fortune, and since they served for only sixteen years they could progress to furt h er military posts while sti ll on ly in their mid-thirti e s . A Praetorian Gu a rd sman could be directly promoted to centurion in one of the provincial legions. An ex-centurion of the Guard had even greater advantages and could reach the rank of primus pilus in a legion and then perhaps return to Rome and go on to a
116 The Roman A rmy Sculptural relief of the second century ad, showing officers and soldiers of the Praetorian Guard. (The Art Archive/Musée du Louvre Paris/Dagli Orti ) succession of commands in the various military forces in the city. Some of them could progress to an ad m i n i s tra tive career, becoming Im perial proc u ra tors in the provinces. Augustus excluded senators from command of the Praetorians, appointing two equestrian Praetorian Prefects in 2 bc, on the same collegiate principle as the consuls so that one could keep the other in check, the notorious Sejanus being one excepti on to this ru l e . The Praetorians did not en j oy direct po l i ti c a l power, but they exercised enormous influence, and their acquiescence or other-
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The Roman Army
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Copyright © 2006 by Pat Southern A
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vi C on ten ts Guard Troops: The Eq
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viii C on ten ts Britain in AD 83/8
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x The Roman A rmy and listened, to
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The Roman Army
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2 The Roman A rmy new adversaries,
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4 The Roman A rmy con tro l , co u
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6 The Roman A rmy tives asking for
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8 The Roman A rmy Bowman, 1983; Bow
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10 The Roman A rmy the overall pict
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12 The Roman A rmy Perhaps by way o
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14 The Roman A rmy The inner panels
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16 The Roman A rmy Trajan’s Colum
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18 The Roman A rmy build up a pictu
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20 The Roman A rmy freedom and inde
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22 The Roman A rmy vers and battles
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24 The Roman A rmy the tri bes of s
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26 The Roman A rmy Titus Livius (Li
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28 The Roman A rmy his work provide
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30 The Roman A rmy Hyginus cannot b
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32 The Roman A rmy 371 to 392 (Bran
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34 The Roman A rmy a rmy, f ron ti
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36 The Roman A rmy Prosopographia I
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38 The Roman A rmy Rome was founded
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40 The Roman A rmy supplies was vit
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42 Map of the Roman Empire in the m
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The term p ro v i n c i a did not o
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H i s t o r i c a l Ba c k g r o u
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Ancient sources for the regal perio
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intended to keep to himself, as wel
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Sharing power with a colleague was
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set the total at 600, a figure that
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Page 88 and 89: During the Republic there were two
Page 102 and 103: The Army of the Roman Republic Chap
Page 104 and 105: class (classis means “calling”)
Page 106 and 107: n euvers but could also provi de ac
Page 108 and 109: total of 600 men, but the numbers o
Page 110 and 111: tilius Rufus, had assembled an army
Page 112 and 113: The Roman A rmy 97 Roman soldiers e
Page 114 and 115: have been awarded its title Victrix
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Page 118 and 119: The Roman A rmy 103 There was no ex
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Page 122 and 123: From time to time soldiers could lo
Page 124 and 125: The Roman A rmy 109 Standardization
Page 126 and 127: The military records were scru p u
Page 128 and 129: The Roman A rmy 113 Local provision
Page 132 and 133: The Roman A rmy 117 wise at the acc
Page 134 and 135: Troops in Rome: The Urban Cohorts a
Page 136 and 137: The Roman A rmy 121 constantly move
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Page 140 and 141: these were the legionary centurions
Page 142 and 143: The Roman A rmy 127 The normal tour
Page 144 and 145: the other five were equestrian trib
Page 146 and 147: Recruitment Ot h er Ra n k s The Ro
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Page 150 and 151: The Roman A rmy 135 Ha n n i b a l
Page 152 and 153: chosen, or whether they had to appl
Page 154: The Roman A rmy 139 Ch ee s m a n ,
Page 157 and 158: 142 The Roman A rmy manders usually
Page 159 and 160: 144 The Roman A rmy original recrui
Page 161 and 162: 146 The Roman A rmy from battle, le
Page 163 and 164: 148 The Roman A rmy unit prob a bly
Page 165 and 166: 150 The Roman A rmy Alaudae (the la
Page 167 and 168: 152 The Roman A rmy does not imply
Page 169 and 170: 154 The Roman A rmy mental chronolo
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Page 173 and 174: 158 The Roman A rmy verted bowl mad
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Page 177 and 178: 162 The Roman A rmy The purely mili
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166 The Roman A rmy skirts are laid
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168 The Roman A rmy As noted above,
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Chapter 5 The Roman Army at War Doc
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 173 ref u s
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 175 Soldier
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 177 Undated
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Map showing the locations of the fr
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Plan of Wallsend fort, which stood
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 183 Arch of
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 185 the fro
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tail, chiefly from Britain and to s
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• Mules carrying the sections of
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On the march, the eight men of a c
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 193 Tem por
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 195 The Rom
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 197 could t
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t h em . A good example of this is
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 201 ti on c
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 203 closely
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 205 the wal
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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 207 36 bc,
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Chapter 6 Tools of War We a pon r y
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shield unwieldy and therefore usele
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spatha in an archaeological dig doe
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Engraving after The Catapult by Edw
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took rep l ace a ble spri n gs so t
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Tools of Wa r 219 animals by foragi
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Tools of Wa r 221 down to 5,000 men
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Tools of Wa r 223 and Tiberius as t
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individual soldiers or were corpora
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Tools of Wa r 227 3 5 . 2 - 4 ) . G
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e s pon den ce , dealt with em b a
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Tools of Wa r 231 s en t . As Po ly
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their own decisions about how to re
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Tools of Wa r 235 Several of the at
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V-shaped cut, and if the bullet is
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the majori ty being the legi on a r
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Tools of Wa r 241 Title page of a m
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Tools of Wa r 243 Dixon, Karen R.,
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246 The Roman A rmy The hard-presse
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248 The Roman A rmy of the late thi
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250 The Roman A rmy ing the third c
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252 Map of the later Roman Empire r
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254 The Roman A rmy Danube may owe
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256 The Roman A rmy ti ons should c
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258 The Roman A rmy PROFITEERING IN
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260 The Roman A rmy of ad 366 refer
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262 The Roman A rmy In the later Ro
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264 The Roman A rmy The late Roman
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Chapter 8 Great Soldiers and Battle
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iography surely starts with him, an
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G r e at S o l d i e r s a n d B at
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The greatest general of his day, Po
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scription comes from the pen of Sue
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tri be s , he cut of f the hands of
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ing one cohort from the third line
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conquered the rest of Britain after
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e fe r e n c e s a n d f u r t h e
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Chapter 9 Current Assessment Ma j o
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C u r r e n t A s s e s s m e n t 3
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C u r r e n t A s s e s s m e n t 3
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of Rom a n s , provi n c i a l s ,
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Appendix Rank Structure in the Roma
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160 men. The five centurions were r
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Glossary acetum: sour wine ad signa
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G l o s s a ry 337 constitutio anto
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G l o s s a ry 339 in command to a
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G l o s s a ry 341 tribunus plebis:
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344 B i b l i o g r a p h y PBSR Pa
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346 B i b l i o g r a p h y Develin
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348 B i b l i o g r a p h y Robinso
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Index A note on Roman names: the Ro
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Arch of Severus, 14, 107, 321 (phot
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Black Sea, 241 Block-and-tackle, 23
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Cavalry, 91-92, 93, 94, 101-102, 14
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Cornelius Celsus, Aulus, 236-237 Co
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Elections, 2 Elginhaugh, 223 Elite
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and transmission of orders, 203 Gen
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Javelin. See Pilum Javolenus Priscu
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Librarii, 105, 333 Liccaius (rival
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and treatment of wounds, 236-237 an
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Patrimonium, 74-75, 78 Pax Romana,
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Pulcher, Commander under Arrian, 20
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Senate, 59 and decision to go to wa
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water, 111, 114, 221 See also Food
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See also Food supply; Supplies Trea
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and Praetorians, 117 and Urban Coho
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