The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History - Karatunov.net

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The Roman A rmy at Wa r 207 36 bc, where Octavian’s forces finally defeated Sextus Pompey, the son of Pompey the Great. In this instance there was a sea battle and a land battle, but they were not coordinated, and there was such a lack of communication between the t wo forces that at first Oct avian thought the whole affair had been a defe a t . When he came to full power, Octavian instituted permanent fleets, one based at Misenum and one at Ravenna, on either side of Italy. The crews of the war gall eys were or ga n i zed like the legi on s , in cen tu ries under cen tu ri on s , and were called soldiers (milites), not sailors (nautae). War galleys were quite small compared to transports and could store enough fresh water to travel for up to 200 miles (Starr, 1 9 8 9 ) . In the German campaigns of D ru sus and Ti beriu s , s h i p s were used for naval opera ti ons on the Rh i n e ; Tac i tus de s c ri bes the differen t ships used by Germanicus in ad 16 (Annals 2.6). These naval vessels formed the nucleus of the later German fleet (Classis Germanica), which patrolled the river and the coasts while the army operated inland. The same functions were carried out by the Danube fleets (Classis Pannonica and Classis Moesica), especially in supporting Trajan’s Dacian Wars. Ships of different types are shown on Trajan’s Column, where transports, freight ships, and warships are clearly distinguished, if not correct in every detail. The Roman expeditions to the north of Britain under the Flavian governor Julius Agricola and later the Emperor Severus were supported by naval power. When Agricola was ready to invade Scotland, he used the fleet for transport of supplies and for reconnoitring, but also for military purposes. Tacitus (Agricola 29) de s c ri bes how the fleet was sent ahead to spre ad terror and to raid the coastal areas, and he refers to the legions and auxiliaries meeting with the fleet and camping toget h er. Severus fo ll owed the same pattern du ring his Sco t ti s h c a m p a i gn s , using the fleet to su pp ly his troops and to raid the coastal set t l ements. An inscription from Rome refers to the British war as an amphibious exped i ti on (C I L VI 1643). The coi n a ge su pports this de s c ri pti on , with coins of Severus displaying a bridge with towers and coins of Caracalla showing a bridge of boats and the legend Tra i e ctu s—a cro s s i n g. The most likely loc a ti ons for these bridges and crossings are the estuaries of the river Forth, where there is a Severan military base at Cra m ond on the sout h ern shore , and the river Tay, where there is another base at Carpow. The later third century saw a gradual decline of the fleets. Under Diocletian, on ly three of the form er ten squ ad rons of the Italian fleets rem a i n ed , t h o u gh the British usurper Carausius made effective use of his naval power (Classis Britannica) to defend his territories, issuing coinage that showed off his galleys. He was defeated only when Diocletian’s deputy, Constantius Chlorus, built a rival fleet. A few years later in 323, Chlorus’s son Constantine gathered 200 warships to fight off his rival Licinius, in what Chester G. Starr (1989, 112) calls “the only real sea battle in the history of the Roman Empire.” Thereafter, Byzantium, not Rome, claimed mastery of the sea.
208 The Roman A rmy r e fe r e n c e s a n d f u r t h e r r e a d i n g Austin, Norman J.E., and Rankov, N.Boris. 1995. Exploratio: Military and Political Intelligence in the Roman World from the Second Punic War to the Battle of Adrianople. London: Routledge. Campbell, J. Brian. 1984. The Emperor and the Roman Army 31 bc to ad 325. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ———. 1987. “Teach yourself how to be a general.” Journal of Roman Studies 77, 13–29. ———. 1994. The Roman Army 31 bc to ad 337. London: Routledge. ———. 2002. War and Society in Imperial Rome 31 bc to ad 284. London: Routledge. Dixon, Karen R., and Southern, Pat. 1992. The Roman Cavalry. London: Batsford. Elton, Hugh. 1996. Frontiers of the Roman Empire. London: Batsford. Gilliver, Catherine M. 2000. The Roman Art of War. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus Publishing. Goldsworthy, Adrian K. 1996. The Roman Army at War 100 bc to ad 200. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ———. 2003a. The Complete Roman Army. London: Thames and Hudson. ———. 2003b. In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Luttwak, Edward N. 1976. The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Mann, John C. 1974. “The frontiers of the Principate.” Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt II.1, 508–53. Millar, Fergus. 1982. “Emperors, frontiers and foreign relations.” Britannia 13, 1–23. Müller, G. 1979. Durnomagus: das Römische Dormagen. Cologne: Rheinlandverlag GMBH. Salway, Peter. 1991. Roman Britain. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Schönberger, Hans von. 1985. “Die römische Truppenlager der frühen und mittleren Kaiserzeit zwischen Nordsee und Inn.” Bericht der Römisch-Germanisch Kommission 66, 321–497. Starr, Chester G. 1960. The Roman Imperial Navy 31 bc–ad 324. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 2nd ed. ———. 1989. The Influence of Sea Power on Ancient History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Whittaker, C.R. 1994. Frontiers of the Roman Empire: A Social and Economic Study. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Woolliscroft, David I. 2001. Roman Military Signalling. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus Publishing.
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The Roman Army
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Copyright © 2006 by Pat Southern A
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vi C on ten ts Guard Troops: The Eq
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viii C on ten ts Britain in AD 83/8
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x The Roman A rmy and listened, to
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The Roman Army
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2 The Roman A rmy new adversaries,
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4 The Roman A rmy con tro l , co u
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6 The Roman A rmy tives asking for
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8 The Roman A rmy Bowman, 1983; Bow
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10 The Roman A rmy the overall pict
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12 The Roman A rmy Perhaps by way o
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14 The Roman A rmy The inner panels
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16 The Roman A rmy Trajan’s Colum
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18 The Roman A rmy build up a pictu
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20 The Roman A rmy freedom and inde
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22 The Roman A rmy vers and battles
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24 The Roman A rmy the tri bes of s
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26 The Roman A rmy Titus Livius (Li
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28 The Roman A rmy his work provide
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30 The Roman A rmy Hyginus cannot b
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32 The Roman A rmy 371 to 392 (Bran
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34 The Roman A rmy a rmy, f ron ti
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36 The Roman A rmy Prosopographia I
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38 The Roman A rmy Rome was founded
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40 The Roman A rmy supplies was vit
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42 Map of the Roman Empire in the m
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The term p ro v i n c i a did not o
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H i s t o r i c a l Ba c k g r o u
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Ancient sources for the regal perio
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intended to keep to himself, as wel
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Sharing power with a colleague was
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set the total at 600, a figure that
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The principal duties of the consuls
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the ri ght of i n terce s s i o, or
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During the Republic there were two
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The Army of the Roman Republic Chap
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class (classis means “calling”)
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n euvers but could also provi de ac
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total of 600 men, but the numbers o
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tilius Rufus, had assembled an army
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The Roman A rmy 97 Roman soldiers e
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have been awarded its title Victrix
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as h a s t a tus po s teri o r, t h
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The Roman A rmy 103 There was no ex
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of the ba ll i s t a ri i , u n der
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From time to time soldiers could lo
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The Roman A rmy 109 Standardization
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The military records were scru p u
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The Roman A rmy 113 Local provision
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nu s , h ad been sent to ga t h er
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The Roman A rmy 117 wise at the acc
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Troops in Rome: The Urban Cohorts a
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The Roman A rmy 121 constantly move
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L i ke the ju n i or of f i cers in
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these were the legionary centurions
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The Roman A rmy 127 The normal tour
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the other five were equestrian trib
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Recruitment Ot h er Ra n k s The Ro
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ashing. For the majority of recruit
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The Roman A rmy 135 Ha n n i b a l
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chosen, or whether they had to appl
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The Roman A rmy 139 Ch ee s m a n ,
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142 The Roman A rmy manders usually
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144 The Roman A rmy original recrui
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146 The Roman A rmy from battle, le
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148 The Roman A rmy unit prob a bly
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150 The Roman A rmy Alaudae (the la
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152 The Roman A rmy does not imply
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154 The Roman A rmy mental chronolo
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Page 194 and 195: Map showing the locations of the fr
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Page 198 and 199: The Roman A rmy at Wa r 183 Arch of
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Page 214 and 215: t h em . A good example of this is
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Page 226 and 227: shield unwieldy and therefore usele
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Page 258: Tools of Wa r 243 Dixon, Karen R.,
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258 The Roman A rmy PROFITEERING IN
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260 The Roman A rmy of ad 366 refer
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262 The Roman A rmy In the later Ro
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264 The Roman A rmy The late Roman
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Chapter 8 Great Soldiers and Battle
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iography surely starts with him, an
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G r e at S o l d i e r s a n d B at
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The greatest general of his day, Po
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scription comes from the pen of Sue
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tri be s , he cut of f the hands of
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ing one cohort from the third line
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conquered the rest of Britain after
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e fe r e n c e s a n d f u r t h e
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Chapter 9 Current Assessment Ma j o
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C u r r e n t A s s e s s m e n t 3
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C u r r e n t A s s e s s m e n t 3
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of Rom a n s , provi n c i a l s ,
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Appendix Rank Structure in the Roma
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160 men. The five centurions were r
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Glossary acetum: sour wine ad signa
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G l o s s a ry 337 constitutio anto
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G l o s s a ry 339 in command to a
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G l o s s a ry 341 tribunus plebis:
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344 B i b l i o g r a p h y PBSR Pa
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346 B i b l i o g r a p h y Develin
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348 B i b l i o g r a p h y Robinso
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Index A note on Roman names: the Ro
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Arch of Severus, 14, 107, 321 (phot
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Black Sea, 241 Block-and-tackle, 23
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Cavalry, 91-92, 93, 94, 101-102, 14
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Cornelius Celsus, Aulus, 236-237 Co
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Elections, 2 Elginhaugh, 223 Elite
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and transmission of orders, 203 Gen
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Javelin. See Pilum Javolenus Priscu
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Librarii, 105, 333 Liccaius (rival
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and treatment of wounds, 236-237 an
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Patrimonium, 74-75, 78 Pax Romana,
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Pulcher, Commander under Arrian, 20
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Senate, 59 and decision to go to wa
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water, 111, 114, 221 See also Food
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See also Food supply; Supplies Trea
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and Praetorians, 117 and Urban Coho
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