McKay, Donald. "Front matter" Multimedia Environmental Models ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

©2001 CRC Press LLC ©2000 CRC Press LLC Figure 8.6 Illustrative results from a QWASI model calculation of steady-state behavior of PCBs in Lake Ontario (Mackay, 1989).
are similar to those described by Mackay (1989) for the fate of PCBs in Lake Ontario. To obtain unsteady-state solutions requires programming the equations in Figure 8.5 or solving the differential equations by a numerical method. Worked Example 8.1 For chemical X, determine for both water and sediment, the D values, total inputs and outputs, fugacities at steady state, concentrations, total amounts, and residence times. Also estimate the concentration of chemical X in fish and benthos. Volumes D values Transport: For convenience, we express them as GZ, where G is an equivalent flow m 3 /h. Refer to Table 8.3 for details. Transformation: D = VZk Inputs Properties of Chemical X Z Values mol/m3 Pa Molar mass = 250 g/mol ZA = 4 ¥ 10 –4 Vapor pressure = 0.5 Pa ZW = 0.8 Solubility = 100 g/m3 ZP = 1600 H = 1.25 Pa m3 /mol ZS = 600 log KOW = 4.47 ZF = 1200 (fish and benthos) ZQ = 5000 (aerosol) (as controlled by organic carbon and lipid contents) ©2001 CRC Press LLC water k = 0.0001 h –1 (dissolved only) sediment = 0.00001 h –1 Emissions E W = 1 mol/h Fugacities (derived from observed concentrations) f A (air) = 10 –4 Pa f I (input water) = 10 –3 Pa water 106 m3 particles in water 25 m3 sediment 104 m3 GB = 0.1 GR = 0.2 GT = 50 GD = 0.3 GI = GJ = 400 GY = 0.01 GM = 0.1 GV = 500 (DV is GV ZW) GC = 0.001 GQ = 0.0005 GI = 400 GX = 0.02 (there is net sedimentation)
Page 1 and 2:
McKay, Donald. "Front matter" Multi
Page 3 and 4:
Multimedia Environmental Models The
Page 5 and 6:
hensive, and reliable, and they hav
Page 7 and 8:
Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 So
Page 9 and 10:
McKay, Donald. "Introduction" Multi
Page 11 and 12:
It is now evident that our task is
Page 13 and 14:
McKay, Donald. "Some Basic Concepts
Page 15 and 16:
give the derived units directly wit
Page 17 and 18:
Energy (joule, J) The joule, which
Page 19 and 20:
particles (aerosols), or biota in w
Page 21 and 22:
Worked Example 2.1 A three-phase sy
Page 23 and 24:
(i) What is the concentration (C) i
Page 25 and 26:
Answer ©2001 CRC Press LLC 5.1 kg,
Page 27 and 28:
or or When t is zero, C is zero, th
Page 29 and 30:
What is the absolute minimum piscic
Page 31 and 32:
©2001 CRC Press LLC C 1 = C O/(1 +
Page 33 and 34:
containing nonequilibrium quantitie
Page 35 and 36:
1. Fallout of chemical from air to
Page 37 and 38:
validated using real environments.
Page 39 and 40:
©2001 CRC Press LLC CHAPTER 3 Envi
Page 41 and 42:
of other, somewhat similar or homol
Page 43 and 44:
Table 3.2 List of Chemicals Commonl
Page 45 and 46:
elatively high concentrations. This
Page 47 and 48:
exists between toxicologists and ch
Page 49 and 50:
determine priority. This is a subje
Page 51 and 52:
Another important classification of
Page 53 and 54:
Figure 3.1 (continued) ©2001 CRC P
Page 55 and 56:
Table 3.5 (continued) dichlorometha
Page 57 and 58:
Table 3.5 (continued) total PCB 326
Page 59 and 60:
Figure 3.2 Plot of log K AW vs. log
Page 61 and 62:
chlorofluoro compounds are very sta
Page 63 and 64:
3.3.2.7 Arsenic Compounds Arsenic,
Page 65 and 66:
McKay, Donald. "The Nature of Envir
Page 67 and 68:
Figure 4.1 Evaluative environments.
Page 69 and 70:
are subject to two important deposi
Page 71 and 72:
metals and organic chemicals from w
Page 73 and 74:
carbon figure for deeper sediments
Page 75 and 76:
flows. The quality of this groundwa
Page 77 and 78:
Table 4.2 Evaluative Environments A
Page 79 and 80:
McKay, Donald. "Phase Equilibrium"
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 5.1 Some principles and conc
Page 83 and 84:
likely using an equilibrium criteri
Page 85 and 86:
Another useful quantity is the rati
Page 87 and 88:
experimentally, but not directly, u
Page 89 and 90:
©2001 CRC Press LLC 5.3 PROPERTIES
Page 91 and 92:
1.0. This, then, is the fugacity or
Page 93 and 94:
where ©2001 CRC Press LLC pH is -l
Page 95 and 96:
In terms of solubilities, S iA and
Page 97 and 98:
The temperature coefficient is the
Page 99 and 100:
(1982), Baum (1997) and Leo (2000).
Page 101 and 102:
Although it may appear environmenta
Page 103 and 104:
Figure 5.4 Illustration of quantita
Page 105 and 106:
5.5 ENVIRONMENTAL PARTITION COEFFIC
Page 107 and 108:
C S = K PC W benzene = 1.1 ¥ 0.001
Page 109 and 110:
Mackay (1986), in an attempt to sim
Page 111 and 112:
Compartment Definition of Fugacity
Page 113 and 114:
high concentration in the fish, but
Page 115 and 116:
heat capacity of 0.38 J/g°C requir
Page 117 and 118:
Therefore, ©2001 CRC Press LLC f =
Page 119 and 120:
©2001 CRC Press LLC Z T = S(V i/V
Page 121 and 122:
©2001 CRC Press LLC air Z = P S /R
Page 123 and 124:
Table 5.1 Table 5.1 Summary of Defi
Page 125 and 126:
Figure 5.7 Fugacity form 1 for dedu
Page 127 and 128:
Calculate the following physical-ch
Page 129 and 130:
©2001 CRC Press LLC CHAPTER 6 Adve
Page 131 and 132:
that all water will spend 100 days
Page 133 and 134:
This enables us to conceive of, and
Page 135 and 136:
©2001 CRC Press LLC f = 15/0.5 = 3
Page 137 and 138:
D AS dominates. A residence time of
Page 139 and 140:
and Therefore, ©2001 CRC Press LLC
Page 141 and 142:
eaction situation in which there is
Page 143 and 144:
The rate constants in each case are
Page 145 and 146:
©2001 CRC Press LLC 1/t O = SD Ai/
Page 147 and 148:
e achieved in 10 days. Detractors o
Page 149 and 150:
sulfate to sulfide or by dechlorina
Page 151 and 152:
to Zepp and Cline (1977) for the or
Page 153 and 154:
©2001 CRC Press LLC 6.7 LEVEL II C
Page 155 and 156:
Figure 6.3 Fugacity Level II calcul
Page 157 and 158:
McKay, Donald. "Intermedia Transpor
Page 159 and 160:
Figure 7.1 Illustration of nonequil
Page 161 and 162:
5. Diffusion within soils, and from
Page 163 and 164:
sionally, the term flux rate is use
Page 165 and 166:
©2001 CRC Press LLC N = ABDC/ Dy m
Page 167 and 168: no currents or eddies. In practice,
Page 169 and 170: diffusivity, and some unknown layer
Page 171 and 172: where ©2001 CRC Press LLC X = y/ U
Page 173 and 174: fraction of the total volume that i
Page 175 and 176: Figure 7.6 Mass transfer at the int
Page 177 and 178: partition coefficient. The signific
Page 179 and 180: and the series retains a similar ra
Page 181 and 182: ments of resuspension rates are par
Page 183 and 184: Figure 7.8 Movement of air phase (k
Page 185 and 186: ates can thus be used to estimate m
Page 187 and 188: Figure 7.9 Combination of D values
Page 189 and 190: Figure 7.10 Four-compartment Level
Page 191 and 192: Table 7.2 Order of Magnitude Values
Page 193 and 194: Unlike the Level II calculation, it
Page 195 and 196: Figure 7.12 Sample Level III output
Page 197 and 198: McKay, Donald. "Applications of Fug
Page 199 and 200: applications. Citations are given t
Page 201 and 202: Another approach is to employ Monte
Page 203 and 204: LEVEL1B A six-compartment Level I p
Page 205 and 206: Figure 8.1 Air-water exchange proce
Page 207 and 208: The total rates of transfer are thu
Page 209 and 210: Figure 8.2 Chemical transport and t
Page 211 and 212: mean. For chemical between depths o
Page 213 and 214: 8.5.2 Process Description The water
Page 215 and 216: learn the benefits of using fugacit
Page 217: where Figure 8.5 QWASI model: stead
Page 221 and 222: C F ª Z Ff W ª 1.608 mol/m 3 ª 4
Page 223 and 224: y Mackay et al. (1983), and an appl
Page 225 and 226: accordingly, but the final solution
Page 227 and 228: Figure 8.10 Fish bioaccumulation pr
Page 229 and 230: The nature of the processes control
Page 231 and 232: iomagnification is more significant
Page 233 and 234: An alternative and more elegant met
Page 235 and 236: 8.11.2 Model of a Chemical Evaporat
Page 237 and 238: Paterson et al. (1991), and Hung an
Page 239 and 240: 8.14.1 Introduction ©2001 CRC Pres
Page 241 and 242: mated again in mg/day. Food, the ot
Page 243 and 244: models. Most interest is in LRT in
Page 245 and 246: available from the University of To
Page 247 and 248: McKay, Donald. "Appendix" Multimedi
Page 249 and 250: ©2001 CRC Press LLC
show all

McKay, Donald. "Front matter" Multimedia Environmental Models ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?