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298 rays gradually shorter. Pectoral fin rounded in juveniles, becoming acuminate in adults, with rays 4 or 5 longest; pectoral-fin rays 14-15, rarely 13 or 16 (Table 8). Caudal fin with 8 + 8 = 16 principal rays; posterior margin emarginate in juveniles, truncate, subtruncate or slightly convex in adults. Supraneurals 2, vertebrae 34-37, usually 18+17, 16+18, or 19+17 (Table 9), free hypurals 5. Haemal arches present on posterior abdominal centra. Lateralis canal system on head including Table 7. Absolute frequencies of number of soft anal fin rays in species of Cichla (N = 332). Modal values in bold. N 8 10 11 12 13 C. ocellaris 39 6 31 2 C. orinocensis 42 3 29 9 1 C. nigromaculata 5 5 C. monoculus 37 7 27 3 C. kelberi 10 7 3 C. pleiozona 14 2 9 3 C. mirianae 17 11 6 C. melaniae 7 1 6 C. piquiti 21 1 16 4 C. thyrorus 17 1 13 3 C. jariina 5 5 C. pinima 52 14 35 3 C. vazzoleri 27 2 22 3 C. temensis 33 2 29 2 C. intermedia 6 1 5 Table 8. Absolute frequencies of number of pectoral fin rays in species of Cichla (N = 317). Modal values in bold. N 13 14 15 16 C. ocellaris 33 1 23 9 C. orinocensis 36 29 7 C. nigromaculata 5 5 C. monoculus 37 1 31 5 C. kelberi 10 2 8 C. pleiozona 14 1 11 2 C. mirianae 15 1 12 2 C. melaniae 5 1 3 1 C. piquiti 21 15 6 C. thyrorus 17 1 14 2 C. jariina 6 5 1 C. pinima 52 18 34 C. vazzoleri 27 14 13 C. temensis 32 4 27 1 C. intermedia 6 5 1 seven preopercular and five dentary foramina; suborbital series including two contiguous lachrymal bones forming a unit with a total of 5 lateralis foramina, and five tubular infraorbitals (Kullander, 1986: figs. 13A,G). Bilateral elements of lower pharyngeal jaw separate posteriorly and extensively covered by fine teeth. A row of small tooth plates present on ceratobranchial 4. On first gill arch 7 or 8 epibranchial gill rakers, one in angle, and 12 to 20 cerato- and hypobranchial rakers (Table 10), all strongly denticulate, those caudally on ceratobranchial long, gradually shorter towards arch articulations, anterior three to five becoming plate like in large specimens. Count of emerging lower limb rakers decreases with increasing SL apparently because lower rakers, especially anterior 3, which attached to first hypobranchial, tend to become plate-like and not easily observed or probed on well-preserved specimens. Microbranchiospines with a few spines on exposed face (Kullander, 1986: fig. 14), present on both sides of all gill arches in adults, only externally in young. Colour pattern ontogenetically variable. Juveniles 20-50 mm long develop an intermediate colour pattern consisting of three dark blotches along middle of side and a lateral band extending either caudad from posterior lateral blotch to caudal-fin base or from cleithrum to caudal-fin Table 9. Absolute frequencies of vertebral counts in species of Cichla (N = 125). Modal values in bold. abdominal/caudal total 18 19 N 16 17 18 16 17 18 34 35 36 37 C. ocellaris 6 1 2 1 2 2 4 C. orinocensis 22 4 7 9 2 4 16 2 C. nigromaculata 3 1 1 1 1 2 C. monoculus 13 1 6 6 1 12 C. kelberi 9 1 7 1 1 7 1 C. pleiozona 9 8 1 8 1 C. mirianae 13 1 11 1 1 11 1 C. melaniae 1 1 1 C. piquiti 8 5 1 2 7 1 C. thyrorus 3 3 3 C. jariina 4 3 1 3 1 C. pinima 12 1 9 2 1 11 C. vazzoleri 5 5 5 C. temensis 11 8 3 8 3 C. intermedia 6 1 5 1 5 Kullander & Ferreira: Review of Cichla
Frequency 50 40 30 20 10 0 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 E1 scales Fig. 4. Frequencies of counts of E1 row scales in species of Cichla (N = 362, mean = 90.46 ± 14.119). Each bar represents two scales. Arrows represent potential breaks in distribution of species ranges at 81, 88 and 92-93, and 106-110. base. Adults with three (bars 1,2,3) or more (bars 1,1a, 2a, 3, 4) vertical bars on side, each commonly containing one to three dark blotches. Dark, round ocellated blotch on caudal-fin base. Suborbital stripe absent. Iridescent markings on side Table 10. Absolute frequencies of gill rakers externally on first gill arch in species of Cichla (N = 311). Modal values in bold. N 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 C. ocellaris 32 2 5 6 4 11 4 C. orinocensis 29 3 14 7 2 1 1 1 C. nigromaculata 5 1 2 2 C. monoculus 30 10 11 4 2 2 1 C. kelberi 5 4 1 C. pleiozona 13 1 4 6 2 C. mirianae 10 1 4 2 3 C. melaniae 12 9 1 1 1 C. piquiti 21 13 5 3 C. thyrorus 17 5 10 2 C. jariina 6 1 4 1 C. pinima 68 1 21 36 8 2 C. vazzoleri 26 1 14 10 1 C. temensis 31 2 5 11 4 3 2 2 2 C. intermedia 6 2 1 2 1 Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, Vol. 17, No. 4 299 of head absent. Black spot posterodorsally on opercle absent. Ventrally white or yellowish on underside of head, abdomen, and along anal-fin base. Halter stripe present. Dorsal and caudal fins with light spots; other fins typically immaculate. Size. The largest specimen reliably recorded is Winemiller’s (2001) 810 mm SL specimen of C. temensis. Key to species of Cichla 1 - Scales in E1 row 67-93; vertebrae 35-37, modally 36; complete lateral band from head to caudal-fin base absent; bars 1 and 2 represented by blotches and blotch representing bar 3 connected to caudal blotch by horizontal band in juveniles, vertical bars 3 or 5 in subadults and adults; occipital bar absent or present, prominent or indistinct. ........................................................................2 - Scales in E1 row 72-128; vertebrae 34-36, modally 35; complete lateral band from head to caudal-fin base present in subadults, vertical bars 3 or 5; occipital bar absent. ........................................................................6 Table 11. Character coefficients in principal components I-III for 13 measurements from pooled material of 285 specimens representing 15 species of Cichla. Coefficients contributing most to each component marked in bold. component I II III SL 0.467 0.035 –0.003 Head length 0.456 0.010 –0.015 Snout length 0.510 0.020 –0.034 Head depth 0.502 –0.031 –0.007 Body depth 0.512 –0.045 0.011 Orbit diameter 0.362 –0.011 –0.012 Interorbital width 0.516 –0.036 –0.004 Pectoral fin length 0.511 –0.013 0.017 Upper jaw length 0.496 –0.001 –0.019 Lower jaw length 0.476 0.004 –0.015 Caudal peduncle depth 0.495 –0.013 0.013 Caudal peduncle length 0.438 0.085 0.008 Dorsal spine length 0.438 0.011 0.061 % Variance explained 98.807 0.457 0.220
Page 1 and 2: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil ISSN 093
Page 3 and 4: Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, Vol.
Page 5 and 6: that of Ringuelet et al. (1967) cle
Page 7 and 8: except in C. intermedia. Occipital
Page 9 and 10: Prominent rostral fold on maxilla (
Page 11: Principal Component 2 2 1 0 -1 -2 -
Page 15 and 16: soft dorsal fin; bars 1 and 2 divid
Page 17 and 18: Fig. 7. Cichla ocellaris, NRM 28389
Page 19 and 20: 10° 0° -10° -20° -30° -80° Ci
Page 21 and 22: uito, Rio Aguaro on the way towards
Page 23 and 24: Fig. 13. Cichla orinocensis, MCNG 2
Page 25 and 26: confluent elongate yellow or white
Page 27 and 28: Fig. 19. Cichla orinocensis, MNHN A
Page 29 and 30: Cichla nigromaculata Jardine, 1843
Page 31 and 32: 10° 0° -10° -20° -30° -80° Ci
Page 33 and 34: of the principal vertical bars in C
Page 35 and 36: Fig. 26. Cichla monoculus, freshly
Page 37 and 38: on back, nape and dorsally on cauda
Page 39 and 40: Diagnosis. Distinguished from all o
Page 41 and 42: Several light spots on proximal hal
Page 43 and 44: Fig. 30. Cichla kelberi, NRM 42401,
Page 45 and 46: ar in large specimens, absence of b
Page 47 and 48: Fig. 35. Cichla pleiozona, paratype
Page 49 and 50: of Cichla, and the stock must have
Page 51 and 52: eaching halfway to middle of anal f
Page 53 and 54: Fig. 42. Cichla mirianae, holotype,
Page 55 and 56: dark roundish blotch formed at inte
Page 57 and 58: Fig. 47. Cichla melaniae, not prese
Page 59 and 60: in Marabá, river bank; 18 Sep 1990
Page 61 and 62: Fig. 52. Cichla piquiti, paratype,
Page 63 and 64:
SL from same sample. It is not obvi
Page 65 and 66:
Fig. 55. Cichla thyrorus, paratype,
Page 67 and 68:
Fig. 57. Cichla thyrorus, paratype,
Page 69 and 70:
Cichla jariina, new species (Figs.
Page 71 and 72:
Fig. 62. Cichla jariina, paratype,
Page 73 and 74:
idge. - BMNH 1902.11.7:15, 1, 197 m
Page 75 and 76:
Fig. 67. Cichla pinima, paratype, N
Page 77 and 78:
dark spot included in band at root
Page 79 and 80:
Fig. 73. Cichla pinima, fresh caugh
Page 81 and 82:
10° 0° -10° -20° -30° -80° -7
Page 83 and 84:
zoler. - MZUSP 5501, 1; Rio Trombe
Page 85 and 86:
Fig. 78. Cichla vazzoleri, holotype
Page 87 and 88:
ocellated blotch. Bar 2 represented
Page 89 and 90:
Fig. 81. Cichla temensis, NRM 22921
Page 91 and 92:
two middle rows may be contiguous t
Page 93 and 94:
Fig. 88. Cichla temensis, NRM 11308
Page 95 and 96:
ion; belly lighter than the other p
Page 97 and 98:
Fig. 90. Cichla intermedia, MBUCV-V
Page 99 and 100:
ibid., fig. 7). Winemiller (2001: 9
Page 101 and 102:
as tubed scales, may thus be influe
Page 103 and 104:
(Kullander & Nijssen, fig. 10). Cic
Page 105 and 106:
specimens, the lower rays of the ca
Page 107 and 108:
Autapomorphies of Cichla. Stiassny
Page 109 and 110:
munity function would be selected a
Page 111 and 112:
Kullander, S. O. & E. J. G. Ferreir
Page 113 and 114:
399
Page 115 and 116:
Ichthyological Exploration of Fresh
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