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304 ance present in males from 236 mm SL. Maxilla reaching to below about middle of orbit. Lower jaw prognathous, articulation below about middle or posterior margin of orbit. Lateral line discontinuous in 12, continuous in 26 of 38 specimens. Dorsal-fin spines 4-6 longest. Soft dorsal fin rounded, extending to middle of caudal peduncle in smallest, little longer in large specimens, but not reaching to caudal-fin base. Soft anal fin rounded; in smallest specimens reaching to middle of caudal peduncle, in larger specimens further, but not attaining caudal-fin base. Caudal-fin hind margin slightly emarginate in smallest specimens; in larger specimens truncate with squared upper corner and rounded lower corner. Pectoral fin short, rounded in young, becoming rather acuminate in large specimens; extending halfway to end of anal-fin base. Pelvic-fin tip rounded; hind edge straight in young, becoming slightly concave in large specimens; first and second rays subequal in extension or second longest. Scales present on soft dorsal fin in specimens over 150 mm SL, from behind last spine to behind 11th ray, in one or two rows close behind preceding spine or ray; anterior rows reaching to near tips of rays, posteriorly successively shorter, last to ~ of ray length; interradial scales also on membranes between major ray branches, to near fin margin. Anal fin with heavy basal sheath of ctenoid scales; interradial scales proximally in dense sheath, distad narrower; no scales between ray branches; medially scale sheath slightly wider than half length of longest rays. Caudal fin densely scaled from 140 mm SL, but middle membranes (rays D3-V3) naked along middle, distally narrow zone of cycloid scales and narrow naked fin edge. Scales present or absent from base of pectoral fin. Medial aspect of pelvic fin with basal layer of scales and double series of cycloid interradial scales, extending anteriorly to spine tip, but posteriorly shorter; on lateral side double interradial series of cycloid scales on first two membranes to level of spine tips. Juveniles about 50 mm SL (Fig. 5) elongate, caudal fin slightly emarginate. Scales absent from fins except bases of caudal and anal fins. At about 170 mm SL, scale cover on dorsal fin almost fully developed in some specimens, but specimens up to almost 200 mm SL may possess only a few scales; at about 140 mm SL anal fin densely scaled. Colouration in preservative. Juveniles about 50 mm SL (Fig. 5) yellowish white on underside and lower part of head, trunk and caudal peduncle, up to pectoral axilla level. Dorsum brown grey, side lighter. Nape and forehead brownish grey. Cheek silvery dorsally; opercle, preopercle and subopercle greyish with some silver especially anteriorly on opercle and subopercle. Pre- and postorbital dark stripes absent. Pale narrow stripe obliquely dorsad-rostrad across nape from gill cleft. Along middle of side dark brown roundish blotch just posterior to pectoral axilla level, below upper lateral line section, with faint narrow dorsal extension; faint brown blotch above vent, with fainter extensions dorsad and ventrad; dark brown horizontally extended blotch above soft anal fin, with fainter extension along caudal peduncle middle to caudal base blotch. Spinous dorsal fin smoky, soft fin hyaline with dark spot on each ray base. Anal fin hyaline, base narrowly dusky. Pelvic fin hyaline. Caudal fin smoky, especially medially; roundish midbasal blotch, slightly extended caudad; large whitish spot dorsocaudal and ventrocaudal to base blotch. Short vertical bars develop from 55 mm SL, bar 1 with first blotch in centre, bar 2 replacing second blotch. Specimens about 60-70 mm SL develop large light spots on dorsum, two horizontal dark bands distally in soft dorsal fin; bars 1a and 2a occasionally present as narrow dark vertical shades; bar 3 may show through anterior part of blotch 3; light spots anterior to caudal blotch still indistinct. Specimens about 70-80 mm SL with light spots also on side (or only on side), well-developed vertical bars (1, 1a, 2, 2a, 3; but a bars 1a and 2a not always apparent); blotch 3 tends to become incorporated in bar 3, caudal base blotch tends to be isolated from caudal peduncle pigment and lighter spots around it brighten. At about 90-100 mm SL (Fig. 6), no clearly defined flank blotches remain, soft dorsal fin light-spotted and isolated caudal base blotch tends to more dorsal position. Specimens about 130 mm SL with light spots on dorsum, flank spots whitish or silvery, caudal blotch ocellated and dorsal to lateral line, bars 1a and 2a always distinguishable. Specimens 160 mm SL and larger with ocellated blotch dorsally in bar 3 (Figs. 7-8) and abdominal blotches appear posterior to pectoral-fin base. Light spots on dorsum and side absent in specimens over 200 mm SL. <strong>Kullander</strong> & Ferreira: Review of Cichla
10° 0° -10° -20° -30° -80° Cichla ocellaris orinocensis jariina thyrorus mirianae melaniae piquiti intermedia cf. orinocensis -80° -70° -70° -60° -60° Adults (> 200 mm SL) more or less greyish or brownish with light underside. Vertical bars pointed ventrally. Ocellus dorsally in bar 3 usually roughly boomerang shaped with apex directed rostroventrad. Occipital blotch (across nuchal midline) or bar more or less evident. Small silvery scale centre spots present in about half of specimens over 200 mm, more or less neatly arranged in horizontal rows on flanks and caudal peduncle; when absent, side indistinctly light/ dark marbled. Large adults about 300 mm SL and larger (Figs. 7-8, <strong>Kullander</strong> & Nijssen, 1989: fig. 10) with scale centres on back and side light, on back tend- -50° -50° -40° -40° 500 km Fig. 9. Collecting localities of Cichla ocellaris, C. orinocensis, C. jariina, C. thyrorus, C. mirianae, C. melaniae, C. piquiti (including translocations), C. intermedia, and C. cf. orinocensis (Rio Cuyuni). A symbol may cover more than one collecting site. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, Vol. 17, No. 4 305 ing to opalescent; on side faint opalescent spot basally on most scales, especially below upper lateral line section. Small, irregular black spots posterior to orbit (on cheek, preopercle, and opercle), more or less ocellated by opalescence. Bars 1a and 2a indistinct; bars 1, 2, and 3 expressed chiefly by large irregularly shaped blotches dorsally (extended vertically to level of lower lateral line section); ringed with white to silvery or opalescent bright spots, most prominent around conspicuous blotch dorsally in bar 3. Abdominal blotches present between pectoral axilla and bar 2, scattered or partly contiguous. Blotch pattern on side highly variable between specimens, and 10° 0° -10° -20° -30°
Page 1 and 2: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil ISSN 093
Page 3 and 4: Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, Vol.
Page 5 and 6: that of Ringuelet et al. (1967) cle
Page 7 and 8: except in C. intermedia. Occipital
Page 9 and 10: Prominent rostral fold on maxilla (
Page 11 and 12: Principal Component 2 2 1 0 -1 -2 -
Page 13 and 14: Frequency 50 40 30 20 10 0 60 70 80
Page 15 and 16: soft dorsal fin; bars 1 and 2 divid
Page 17: Fig. 7. Cichla ocellaris, NRM 28389
Page 21 and 22: uito, Rio Aguaro on the way towards
Page 23 and 24: Fig. 13. Cichla orinocensis, MCNG 2
Page 25 and 26: confluent elongate yellow or white
Page 27 and 28: Fig. 19. Cichla orinocensis, MNHN A
Page 29 and 30: Cichla nigromaculata Jardine, 1843
Page 31 and 32: 10° 0° -10° -20° -30° -80° Ci
Page 33 and 34: of the principal vertical bars in C
Page 35 and 36: Fig. 26. Cichla monoculus, freshly
Page 37 and 38: on back, nape and dorsally on cauda
Page 39 and 40: Diagnosis. Distinguished from all o
Page 41 and 42: Several light spots on proximal hal
Page 43 and 44: Fig. 30. Cichla kelberi, NRM 42401,
Page 45 and 46: ar in large specimens, absence of b
Page 47 and 48: Fig. 35. Cichla pleiozona, paratype
Page 49 and 50: of Cichla, and the stock must have
Page 51 and 52: eaching halfway to middle of anal f
Page 53 and 54: Fig. 42. Cichla mirianae, holotype,
Page 55 and 56: dark roundish blotch formed at inte
Page 57 and 58: Fig. 47. Cichla melaniae, not prese
Page 59 and 60: in Marabá, river bank; 18 Sep 1990
Page 61 and 62: Fig. 52. Cichla piquiti, paratype,
Page 63 and 64: SL from same sample. It is not obvi
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 55. Cichla thyrorus, paratype,
Page 67 and 68: Fig. 57. Cichla thyrorus, paratype,
Page 69 and 70:
Cichla jariina, new species (Figs.
Page 71 and 72:
Fig. 62. Cichla jariina, paratype,
Page 73 and 74:
idge. - BMNH 1902.11.7:15, 1, 197 m
Page 75 and 76:
Fig. 67. Cichla pinima, paratype, N
Page 77 and 78:
dark spot included in band at root
Page 79 and 80:
Fig. 73. Cichla pinima, fresh caugh
Page 81 and 82:
10° 0° -10° -20° -30° -80° -7
Page 83 and 84:
zoler. - MZUSP 5501, 1; Rio Trombe
Page 85 and 86:
Fig. 78. Cichla vazzoleri, holotype
Page 87 and 88:
ocellated blotch. Bar 2 represented
Page 89 and 90:
Fig. 81. Cichla temensis, NRM 22921
Page 91 and 92:
two middle rows may be contiguous t
Page 93 and 94:
Fig. 88. Cichla temensis, NRM 11308
Page 95 and 96:
ion; belly lighter than the other p
Page 97 and 98:
Fig. 90. Cichla intermedia, MBUCV-V
Page 99 and 100:
ibid., fig. 7). Winemiller (2001: 9
Page 101 and 102:
as tubed scales, may thus be influe
Page 103 and 104:
(Kullander & Nijssen, fig. 10). Cic
Page 105 and 106:
specimens, the lower rays of the ca
Page 107 and 108:
Autapomorphies of Cichla. Stiassny
Page 109 and 110:
munity function would be selected a
Page 111 and 112:
Kullander, S. O. & E. J. G. Ferreir
Page 113 and 114:
399
Page 115 and 116:
Ichthyological Exploration of Fresh
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