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344 caudal fin base, blackish blotch at caudal fin base, and narrow greyish vertical bars 1-3. Light spots visible on dorsum. In young specimen photographed alive near Altair (Fig. 47), estimated to be about 150 mm SL, horizontal band absent, bars 1-3 distinct, crossing side from dorsum to below level of pectoral fin base, also one or two very narrow dark vertical markings between principal bars. Dorsum and middle side with about five irregular rows of yellowish spots. Large adult, estimated length 300 mm SL, photographed alive in São Felix do Xingu (Stawikowski & Werner, 2004: 39, upper photo) overall blue green with yellow branchiostegal membrane. Colour pattern obscured by reflections, but obviously including narrow vertical bars and small light spots on middle of side and caudal peduncle. Two adult market specimens (Fig. 48) photographed at Balneário do Pedral display small nuchal protuberances, and may be in breeding colour. Side yellowish, abdomen and underside of head white. Black vertical bars prominent, from dorsum to about level of pectoral fin base. Numerous minute, light-margined black spots scattered over side; similar small spots also on side of head but few and much smaller. Indications of a medial bar 1a in one specimen and bar 2a in one specimen. Caudal ocellus ringed with gold. Geographical distribution. Only three localities in the lower Rio Xingu drainage are verified by preserved material (Fig. 9). The Balneário do Pedral is located on the Rio Xingu about 8 km from Altamira. The type locality, Cachoeira do Espelho is located 13 km south of Altamira. The third locality, Gorotire, is located on the lower course of the Rio Fresco. At Balneário do Pedral, specimens were collected in shallow water, pH 6.5, less than 1 dGH, and temperature 30- 32 °C, in strong current among lava rocks (Stawikowski & Werner, 2004: 40). Etymology. Named for Melanie L. J. Stiassny, Curator of Fishes in the American Museum of Natural History, in recognition of her significant contribution to cichlid systematics. Notes. Cichla melaniae occurs in the Xingu river drainage downstream from localities of C. mirianae. Because both species are known only from few localities and few specimens from each locality it may, however, be premature to conclude that they are allopatric. The two species differ in the colour pattern of young and adults. No juveniles are known of C. mirianae, but specimens about 100 mm are known from both species. At this size, C. mirianae displays distinct lateral ocelli, whereas C. mela niae displays only narrow vertical bars. This colour difference persists in larger specimens, and C. melaniae also displays a pattern of minute black and white spots on the middle side as adult commonly with the black spots margined with white, unlike C. mirianae which never shows minute black spots on the side except for those contained in the irregular lateral band, which in turn is absent (but cf. below) from C. melaniae. Photographs of large specimens of Cichla in the aquarium trade said to come from the Rio Xingu, exemplified by Stawikowski & Werner (2004: 39, lower photo), depart in colour pattern from that of preserved specimens and photographs of fresh caught specimens by displaying a narrow, irregular black horizontal band along the side, margined with white, only faint greyish vertical bars, and one or two vertical bars of same colour between the principal bars. Cichla piquiti, new species (Figs. 49-54) Holotype. MZUSP 40296, young male, 219 mm SL; Brazil: Pará: Rio Itacaiúnas at Caldeirão; Apr- May 1983, M. Goulding. Paratypes. 56 specimens, ca. 20-430 mm SL. Brazil: Rio Araguaia drainage: MZUSP 50240, 4, 184-249 mm SL; Mato Grosso: Rio das Mortes; 1950, Expedição Butantan. – MZUSP 50242, 3, 212-214 mm SL; Goiás: Lago Rico, near Cocalinho; Mar 1976, EMGOPA. Rio Tocantins drainage: INPA 24063, 2, 207-220 mm SL; Pará: Rio Tocantins, Itupiranga; Nov. 1980, Equipe de Ictiologia do INPA. – MZUSP 40397, 3, 127.9- ca 143 mm SL; Goiás: mun Flores de Goiás, Fazenda Fortaleza, Rio Macacos, tributary to Rio Macaquinhos; 10 Sep 1988, J. C. de Oliveira et al. – MZUSP 40926, 1, 298 mm SL, 2, ca 43- ca 68 mm SL; Goiás: mun Flores de Goiás, Fazenda Olho d’Agua, Poço do Gandaia, marginal lake of Rio Paranã; 21 Jan 1989, J. C. de Oliveira et al. – MZUSP 50256, 4, 97.1- 126.3 mm SL; Pará: lagoa at Jatobal; 16 Sep 1970, EPA. – NRM 12711, 1, 146.6 mm SL; Pará: harbour <strong>Kullander</strong> & Ferreira: Review of Cichla
in Marabá, river bank; 18 Sep 1990, R. Stawikowski et al. Rio Itacaiúnas drainage: Pará: MZUSP 33140, 5, to ca 430 mm SL, MZUSP 40296, 1, 218.8 mm SL, NRM 12878, 4, 196.6-233 mm SL; Caldeirão; Apr-May 1983, M. Goulding. – MZUSP 32755, 25, ca 20 mm SL; Rio Itacaiúnas, Caldeirão; 14 Oct 1983, M. Goulding. – MZUSP 33139, 7, 140-190 mm SL; Caldeirão, pedral; Nov 1983, M. Goulding. – MZUSP 33141, 3, 180-350 mm SL; Caldeirão, Igarapé Boa Vista. Nov 1983. M. Goulding. – MZUSP 33142, 1, 103.1 mm SL; Caldeirão, Igarapé Aguas Claras; Nov 1983, M. Goulding. – MZUSP 33143, 1, 65.2 mm SL, MZUSP 33756, 7, 230-250 mm SL; Caldeirão, Cachoeira Carreira Comprida, rocky pool; 14 Oct 1983, M. Goulding. Non-types (translocations). Brazil: Rio Paraná drainage: MZUSP 38912, 1, 125.0 mm SL; Minas Gerais: Rio Paranaíba, projeto UHE Bocaina; Nov 1987 - Apr 1988, Leme Engenharia S/A. – MZUSP 45118, 5; Minas Gerais: Represa de Embarcação (Rio Paranaíba); no date, no collector. Rio Paraguai drainage: MZUSP 36762, 1 adult; Mato Grosso do Sul: Itiquira, dam in Fazenda Santo Antonio do Paraíso; 21 Oct 1980, J. H. B. Medeiros & J. C. de Oliveira. Paraguay: Rio Paraná drainage: NRM 50336, 2, 46.3-54.7 mm SL; Alto Paraná: Rio Limoy, Reserva Limoy de Itaipú; 1 Mar 1998, S. O. <strong>Kullander</strong> et al. Diagnosis. Uniquely distinguished from other species of Cichla by the combination of 83-104 scales in E1 row and adult colour pattern including five wide dark vertical bars below the dorsal fin (bars 1-3, 1a, 2a). 345 Description. Based on the holotype (219 mm SL) and selected specimens of similar length unless otherwise stated. Refer to Figs. 49-54 for general shape and colour pattern, Table 20 for morphometrics, and Tables 2-10 for meristics. Adults moderately elongate (depth 26.0- 30.7 % SL, N = 12, 202-298 mm SL). Predorsal contour smoothly arched; largest specimen examined, 430 mm SL, with incipient nuchal protuberance. Maxilla extending to below middle of orbit. Lower jaw prognathous, articulation below posterior margin of orbit or slightly posterior. In 21 specimens, lateral line bilaterally discontinuous in 18 specimens, continuous on right side in one, continuous on left side in one, subcontinuous on right side in one. Dorsal fin rays 4-6 longest; soft dorsal fin rounded, not reaching to caudal fin base. Anal fin rounded, not reaching to caudal fin base. Caudal fin subtruncate or slightly convex, with more angled dorsal corner and rounded lower corner. Pectoral fin pointed, extending halfway to origin or middle of soft anal fin. Pelvic fin subacuminate, with tip formed by rays 1-2, ray 1 longest, extending halfway to anal fin origin or slightly beyond. Dorsal fin scaled from behind last spine, scales behind each ray, in three rows, posteriorly gradually reduced to one row, last membrane naked; scales also in deeper branches. Anal fin with thick basal and anterior scale cover, posterodistally less densely scaled, only last two membranes naked. Caudal fin extensively scaled in adults, except for posterior margin and middle membranes. Pectoral fin basally with a few small cycloid scales. Table 20. Morphometry of Cichla piquiti. Measurements are in percent of SL, except SL (in mm). Linear regression parameters calculated from original measurements in mm. HT, holotype (MZUSP 40296). N min max mean SD HT a b r SL (mm) 20 65.2 298.0 192.6 219.0 Head length 20 30.6 35.0 31.8 0.96 31.4 3.680 0.297 0.999 Snout length 20 10.3 12.0 11.4 0.44 11.6 –0.755 0.118 0.995 Head depth 20 20.9 23.6 22.0 0.70 22.6 –0.470 0.223 0.994 Body depth 20 26.0 30.7 28.3 1.22 30.3 –2.914 0.299 0.987 Orbit diameter 20 6.7 11.2 7.9 1.09 7.5 4.655 0.052 0.984 Interorbital width 20 6.9 8.1 7.5 0.35 7.8 –0.581 0.078 0.989 Pectoral fin length 18 22.1 25.1 23.2 0.89 25.1 –3.488 0.251 0.989 Upper jaw length 20 14.2 15.6 14.7 0.34 14.9 –0.822 0.151 0.995 Lower jaw length 20 18.2 20.1 18.7 0.47 19.0 0.636 0.183 0.998 Caudal peduncle depth 20 10.0 12.1 11.1 0.68 12.1 –0.178 0.112 0.975 Caudal peduncle length 20 16.0 19.9 17.8 0.93 17.7 0.585 0.174 0.982 Dorsal spine length 20 11.1 13.7 12.5 0.59 11.9 1.579 0.117 0.984 Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, Vol. 17, No. 4
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Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil ISSN 093
Page 3 and 4:
Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, Vol.
Page 5 and 6:
that of Ringuelet et al. (1967) cle
Page 7 and 8: except in C. intermedia. Occipital
Page 9 and 10: Prominent rostral fold on maxilla (
Page 11 and 12: Principal Component 2 2 1 0 -1 -2 -
Page 13 and 14: Frequency 50 40 30 20 10 0 60 70 80
Page 15 and 16: soft dorsal fin; bars 1 and 2 divid
Page 17 and 18: Fig. 7. Cichla ocellaris, NRM 28389
Page 19 and 20: 10° 0° -10° -20° -30° -80° Ci
Page 21 and 22: uito, Rio Aguaro on the way towards
Page 23 and 24: Fig. 13. Cichla orinocensis, MCNG 2
Page 25 and 26: confluent elongate yellow or white
Page 27 and 28: Fig. 19. Cichla orinocensis, MNHN A
Page 29 and 30: Cichla nigromaculata Jardine, 1843
Page 31 and 32: 10° 0° -10° -20° -30° -80° Ci
Page 33 and 34: of the principal vertical bars in C
Page 35 and 36: Fig. 26. Cichla monoculus, freshly
Page 37 and 38: on back, nape and dorsally on cauda
Page 39 and 40: Diagnosis. Distinguished from all o
Page 41 and 42: Several light spots on proximal hal
Page 43 and 44: Fig. 30. Cichla kelberi, NRM 42401,
Page 45 and 46: ar in large specimens, absence of b
Page 47 and 48: Fig. 35. Cichla pleiozona, paratype
Page 49 and 50: of Cichla, and the stock must have
Page 51 and 52: eaching halfway to middle of anal f
Page 53 and 54: Fig. 42. Cichla mirianae, holotype,
Page 55 and 56: dark roundish blotch formed at inte
Page 57: Fig. 47. Cichla melaniae, not prese
Page 61 and 62: Fig. 52. Cichla piquiti, paratype,
Page 63 and 64: SL from same sample. It is not obvi
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 55. Cichla thyrorus, paratype,
Page 67 and 68: Fig. 57. Cichla thyrorus, paratype,
Page 69 and 70: Cichla jariina, new species (Figs.
Page 71 and 72: Fig. 62. Cichla jariina, paratype,
Page 73 and 74: idge. - BMNH 1902.11.7:15, 1, 197 m
Page 75 and 76: Fig. 67. Cichla pinima, paratype, N
Page 77 and 78: dark spot included in band at root
Page 79 and 80: Fig. 73. Cichla pinima, fresh caugh
Page 81 and 82: 10° 0° -10° -20° -30° -80° -7
Page 83 and 84: zoler. - MZUSP 5501, 1; Rio Trombe
Page 85 and 86: Fig. 78. Cichla vazzoleri, holotype
Page 87 and 88: ocellated blotch. Bar 2 represented
Page 89 and 90: Fig. 81. Cichla temensis, NRM 22921
Page 91 and 92: two middle rows may be contiguous t
Page 93 and 94: Fig. 88. Cichla temensis, NRM 11308
Page 95 and 96: ion; belly lighter than the other p
Page 97 and 98: Fig. 90. Cichla intermedia, MBUCV-V
Page 99 and 100: ibid., fig. 7). Winemiller (2001: 9
Page 101 and 102: as tubed scales, may thus be influe
Page 103 and 104: (Kullander & Nijssen, fig. 10). Cic
Page 105 and 106: specimens, the lower rays of the ca
Page 107 and 108: Autapomorphies of Cichla. Stiassny
Page 109 and 110:
munity function would be selected a
Page 111 and 112:
Kullander, S. O. & E. J. G. Ferreir
Page 113 and 114:
399
Page 115 and 116:
Ichthyological Exploration of Fresh
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