Open Access PDF - Sven Kullander

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fins and caudal fin margin concave. Anal and
caudal fins scaled basally in 65.3 mm specimens.
Colouration in preservative. Juveniles about
20 mm SL yellowish white with blackish lateral
band from head to caudal fin. Lateral band including
an elongate blotch close behind head and
another above anal fin origin, and terminating
with caudad acutely tapering black spot on caudal
fin base.
In young specimens lateral band distinct and
prominent in 56 mm SL specimen (Fig. 49), but
in 65 mm SL specimen (Fig. 50) lateral band faint,
affected by preservation. Three narrow brown
vertical bars extending down from dorsal fin base
(two below spinous portion, one below soft portion)
to slightly below lateral band, widening and
forming blotches where crossing lateral band.
Bars 1a and 2a absent or indistinct. Dark preorbital
stripe from eye to mouth. Spinous dorsal fin light
with darker lappets, soft dorsal fin dusky with a
few large light blotches. Caudal spot still integrated
with lateral band, not ocellated, succeeded
caudally by dark grey stripe.
Specimens 140-150 mm SL from Marabá and
Itacaiunas with distinct lateral band, emphasized
preorbital stripe and midbasal caudal spot. Marabá
specimen (Fig. 51) with ventral parts (underside
of head, chest, belly and caudal peduncle)
white, contrasting with side which greyish with
yellowish tint. Head and dorsum light greyish.
Grey halter stripe extending back from mouth,
bordered above by white. Wide blackish lateral
band slightly widened and intensified where
crossing vertical bars and margined above and
below by rows of white spots which partly confluent.
Dark grey vertical bars 1-3, 1a, and 2a, running
from dorsal fin base down to contrasted white
ventral area, bars 1, 1a, 2 below spinous dorsal
fin, bars 2a, 3 below soft portion of dorsal fin.
Bars 1-3 wider and darker than bars 1a and 2a.
Only a few, indistinct white spots on dorsum and
side. Dorsal fin greyish with two rows of white
spots on spinous portion and three rows of white
spots on soft portion. Anal fin whitish proximally,
shading to greyish distally. Caudal fin grey
with large white spots in dorsal lobe. Caudal spot
black and nearly completely ocellated. Pelvic fin
grey anteriorly on lateral face, otherwise white.
In another young specimen, 137 mm SL (Fig. 52),
lateral band remaining only as black stripe on
caudal peduncle.
From about 150 mm SL three black spots
present posterior to orbit, of which one on cheek;
one, sometimes doubled, dorsally on opercle; and
one, sometimes doubled, dorsally on subopercle;
spots may be light ringed in large specimens.
Scattered white spots appear on side, and on top
and side of head, but disappear gradually again
between 200 and 250 mm SL in preserved specimens.
Lateral band disappears completely between
150 and 200 mm SL, and vertical bars become
dominant lateral markings. Number of rows
of light spots in dorsal fin increasing to five.
Caudal spot ocellated, ringed with whitish; 5-6
vertical rows of light spots in dorsal lobe of caudal
fin.
Holotype, adult male 219 mm SL, not breeding,
may represent average size adult colour
pattern (Fig. 53). Dorsum and nape brown, gradually
lighter ventrally. Underside of head and
body including, chest, abdomen, narrow area
close to anal fin base and underside of caudal
peduncle, white, shading to yellowish. Vertical
bars dark brown, bars 1, 1a, 2 from spinous dorsal
fin base, bars 2a, 3 from soft dorsal fin base,
wider than interspaces proximally, slightly narrower
down side, ending just before entering light
ventral body colour. Bars gradually slightly
paler ventrally, but distinct throughout. Vertical
bar absent from caudal peduncle. Dark vertical
bar, similar in width and colour to posterior bars,
from predorsal midline immediately anterior to
dorsal fin to anterior portion of lateral line. Ocellated
spots absent from side. Scattered white spots
on side few and indistinct. Numerous white spots
on nape, cheek and opercular bones. Indistinct
narrow blackish stripe from orbit toward mouth
along anterodorsal margin of lachrymal, fading
anteriorly.
Spinous dorsal fin in holotype dark brown
with three rows of large white spots, soft dorsal
fin dark brown with five rows of white spots,
those in proximal row larger than rest. Anal fin
yellowish basally, turning greyish distally. Caudal
fin ventral half greyish, dorsal half brownish
with six vertical rows of vertically elongate whitish
spots. Caudal ocellus including light ring of
same size as eye, black center extending between
rays D1 and D3, ring between rays V1 and D4.
Pelvic fin medially greyish, laterally brownish,
lighter posteriorly.
White spots on head and body indistinct in
holotype, not at all apparent in similar sized males
but more numerous and distinct in female 202 mm
Kullander & Ferreira: Review of Cichla