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366 intense on lower head side, turning greenish dorsally and on caudal peduncle, ventral parts white. Iris yellowish. Bars or blotches black, ocellar margins white. Branchiostegal membrane may be orange and lower half of caudal fin as well as anal fin may be yellowish. Nuchal hump dark grey in specimens showing this feature (Fig. 72). Geographical distribution. Lower Rio Tapajós, Rio Curuá-Una, lower Rio Xingu, lower Rio Tocantins, and Rio Capim (Fig. 75); uncertain localities in southern Amapá and Rio Arapiuns, introduced in Rio Paraguaçu in eastern Brazil, and probably elsewhere in northeastern Brazil. Etymology. The species epithet pinima is a Tupi- Guarani adjective meaning spotted with white, and is here used as a noun in apposition. Local names. We propose tucunaré pinima as Brazilian name for this species, selecting a name already in use. Notes. Tucunaré pinima is applied as a local name on the current species at least in the Nordeste region of Brazil, where it forms self-sustaining stocks following introductions into numerous reservoirs in the 1940s (Fontenele, 1948; Braga, 1952, 1953; Menezes, 1953; Bezerra e Silva et al., 1980; as C. temensis). According to Menezes (1953: 382-383) tucunaré pinima was the name used locally by the Serviço de Piscicultura in Fortaleza (Ceará) for the species sent there by Museu Goeldi as tucunaré-açu. Santos et al. (1985), in a catalog of fishes from the Tucurui dam, illustrate the adult as C. ocellaris, tucunaré-açu, and the young as C. temensis, tucunaré-pinima. Nomura (1984: 454-455) included tucunaré-pinima as a synonym of tucunaré-açu as well as tucunaré-tinga, identified as C. temensis, and identified tucunaré-comum as C. ocellaris. His illustration of C. ocellaris is a reproduction of Spix & Agassiz’s (1831: pl. 63) illustration of C. monoculus. Santos (1981:156) uses the vernacular tucunaré putanga, referring to a lecture by Carlos Estevão (then director of the Museu Goeldi in Belém) at the Rotary Clube do Pará, and indicating that it would have been reproduced also in Ceará, but is possibly not his species. Sawaya (1946) conducted experiments on Cichla and Astronotus in ponds in Museu Goeldi and reported on tucunaré putanga as well as a hybrid C. temensis × C. ocellaris, but without clues to their identity. Sawaya & Maranhão (1946) reported on tucunaré açú (Cichla ocellaris), tucunaré putanga (species not yet well determined), tucunaré tinga (C. temensis) and the ‘hybrid’. Sawaya & Maranhão (1946) considered the putanga to be more elongate than the tucunaré-açu, with more elongate head and smaller interorbital space. The lateral line is said to be broken in the young and never turning entire in the adults. The small whitish spots would always be absent, in adults as well as juveniles. There is no further information from Museu Goeldi or elsewhere on the putanga. There is a possibility that the name putanga, of unknown meaning, resulted from a misunderstanding or misapplication involving the names pinima and tinga. There seems to have been considerable confusion over what species was being studied in Museu Goeldi as well as in the fisheries station at Fortaleza. For certain, C. pinima was studied in Ceará, as evidenced by photos and illustrations in Braga (1953), Fontenele (1948) and Bezerra e Silva et al. (1980). Also C. kelberi, identified as C. ocellaris (tucunaré comum) by Fontenele (1948), was cultivated. Three specimens that we refer to C. pinima, MZUSP 50273, 177-288 mm SL, labeled Museu Goeldi, have an aspect indicating stunted growth. They have deeper head, deeper body, longer pectoral fin, and larger eye than other C. pinima of similar length, and separate from a cluster formed by the other species in a morphometric canonical discriminant analysis (not shown). They also have relatively low E1 scale counts (78, 84, 88). We thus excluded those specimens from the morphometric analysis, although the colour pattern agrees with C. pinima. Cichla pinima is widely distributed, and there are large, well preserved series chiefly from the lower Rio Tapajós drainage supplemented by well preserved material from the lower Rio Xingu. The species is characterized by the early appearance, below 100 mm SL, of a blackish, more or less ocellated blotch dorsally in bar 3, close to the dorsal fin base. In large males this blotch is increased in size and highly prominent, but then similar in appearance to the corresponding blotch in several other Cichla species. In C. vazzoleri, there is no ocellated blotch close to the dorsal fin except in large adults (about 300 mm and larger). In adult C. vazzoleri, C. jariina, and C. thyrorus is typically present a dark brown or black blotch at the anterodorsal process of the subopercle, usually absent in C. pinima. <strong>Kullander</strong> & Ferreira: Review of Cichla
10° 0° -10° -20° -30° -80° -70° Cichla temensis pinima vazzoleri cf. pinima 500 km -80° -70° -60° -50° -40° Fig. 75. Collecting localities of Cichla temensis, C. pinima (including translocation), C. vazzoleri, and C. cf. pinima. A symbol may cover more than one collecting site. Cichla pinima and C. vazzoleri share a distinctive adult breeding colour pattern, best expressed in males. The vertical bars become deep black and the dorsal portion of each bar may separate as a dark ocellated blotch above the upper lateral line, regularly in C. vazzoleri but rarely in C. pinima. In C. pinima the middle portion of the first bar forms a large prominent ocellus and the ventral part becomes obsolete or forms a blotch under the pectoral fin; the middle portion of bar 2 may be slightly expanded and blotch-like, but usually there is a complete ocellated vertical bar extending to the abdominal side; the third bar, below the dorsal blotch, remains vertically extended, and is usually contiguous with the dorsal Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, Vol. 17, No. 4 -60° -50° -40° 367 blotch. In C. vazzoleri the pattern is similar to that of C. pinima, although the vertical bars are usually narrower, and the middle ocellus in bar 1 is not as well formed as in C. pinima. All populations sharing the development of the blotch in the dorsal portion of bar 3 were assigned to C. pinima, although samples other than those from the Tapajós and Xingu river drainages generally do not contain large breeding males in which breeding colour could be verified. Samples from southern tributaries assigned to C. pinima on the basis of colour markings turned out to be highly variable in fin ray and particularly scale counts. E1 row counts show some geographic variation and are generally higher to the west and 10° 0° -10° -20° -30°
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Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil ISSN 093
Page 3 and 4:
Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, Vol.
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that of Ringuelet et al. (1967) cle
Page 7 and 8:
except in C. intermedia. Occipital
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Prominent rostral fold on maxilla (
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Principal Component 2 2 1 0 -1 -2 -
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Frequency 50 40 30 20 10 0 60 70 80
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soft dorsal fin; bars 1 and 2 divid
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Fig. 7. Cichla ocellaris, NRM 28389
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10° 0° -10° -20° -30° -80° Ci
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uito, Rio Aguaro on the way towards
Page 23 and 24:
Fig. 13. Cichla orinocensis, MCNG 2
Page 25 and 26:
confluent elongate yellow or white
Page 27 and 28:
Fig. 19. Cichla orinocensis, MNHN A
Page 29 and 30: Cichla nigromaculata Jardine, 1843
Page 31 and 32: 10° 0° -10° -20° -30° -80° Ci
Page 33 and 34: of the principal vertical bars in C
Page 35 and 36: Fig. 26. Cichla monoculus, freshly
Page 37 and 38: on back, nape and dorsally on cauda
Page 39 and 40: Diagnosis. Distinguished from all o
Page 41 and 42: Several light spots on proximal hal
Page 43 and 44: Fig. 30. Cichla kelberi, NRM 42401,
Page 45 and 46: ar in large specimens, absence of b
Page 47 and 48: Fig. 35. Cichla pleiozona, paratype
Page 49 and 50: of Cichla, and the stock must have
Page 51 and 52: eaching halfway to middle of anal f
Page 53 and 54: Fig. 42. Cichla mirianae, holotype,
Page 55 and 56: dark roundish blotch formed at inte
Page 57 and 58: Fig. 47. Cichla melaniae, not prese
Page 59 and 60: in Marabá, river bank; 18 Sep 1990
Page 61 and 62: Fig. 52. Cichla piquiti, paratype,
Page 63 and 64: SL from same sample. It is not obvi
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 55. Cichla thyrorus, paratype,
Page 67 and 68: Fig. 57. Cichla thyrorus, paratype,
Page 69 and 70: Cichla jariina, new species (Figs.
Page 71 and 72: Fig. 62. Cichla jariina, paratype,
Page 73 and 74: idge. - BMNH 1902.11.7:15, 1, 197 m
Page 75 and 76: Fig. 67. Cichla pinima, paratype, N
Page 77 and 78: dark spot included in band at root
Page 79: Fig. 73. Cichla pinima, fresh caugh
Page 83 and 84: zoler. - MZUSP 5501, 1; Rio Trombe
Page 85 and 86: Fig. 78. Cichla vazzoleri, holotype
Page 87 and 88: ocellated blotch. Bar 2 represented
Page 89 and 90: Fig. 81. Cichla temensis, NRM 22921
Page 91 and 92: two middle rows may be contiguous t
Page 93 and 94: Fig. 88. Cichla temensis, NRM 11308
Page 95 and 96: ion; belly lighter than the other p
Page 97 and 98: Fig. 90. Cichla intermedia, MBUCV-V
Page 99 and 100: ibid., fig. 7). Winemiller (2001: 9
Page 101 and 102: as tubed scales, may thus be influe
Page 103 and 104: (Kullander & Nijssen, fig. 10). Cic
Page 105 and 106: specimens, the lower rays of the ca
Page 107 and 108: Autapomorphies of Cichla. Stiassny
Page 109 and 110: munity function would be selected a
Page 111 and 112: Kullander, S. O. & E. J. G. Ferreir
Page 113 and 114: 399
Page 115 and 116: Ichthyological Exploration of Fresh
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