Revue des sciences sociales

204
RÉSUMÉS ANGLAIS
205
the majority, to a point where he loses both
reason and life. The village then admits the
victim’s innocence, and harmony restored
until the next explosion of hatred. Both of
Nathan Katz’s works include a charitable,
non-violent hero, the bearer of a messianic
hope which can be heard in the echo that
resounds at night in the gardens of his restricted
fatherland.
The themes evoked by Nathan Katz, such as
the persecution of innocent victims, the foul
smell of burning flesh, the survivors’ endless
mourning, are reinterpreted by the author of
this article in terms of the persecutions
inflicted by the Nazis.
ANNY BLOCH
FROM THE BANKS OF RHINE TO
THE BANKS OF MISSISSIPPI : A
NEW CULTURAL BEGINNING
The research is a complement to a preceding
paper which dealt with the fidelity or
the infidelity of the Jewish emigrants from
Alsace-Lorraine who left the East of France
in order to settle in the United States and
specifically along the Mississippi river.
The culture is composed of multiple
layers. The factors influencing this cultural
stratification are analyzed in this study. An
important synergy must take place as the
emigrants leave the motherland and adopt
a new land. Values and lifestyles must be
rethought and one’s passed integrated into
present. In spite of all the process involved
in reconstructing a life, does one remain
always a foreigner ?
ISABELLE CRIBIER
SHARED EXILES
To live abroad is to become aware of the
altering of your identity. Whilst the return to
the native land is possible in most cases, for
those born in the D.D.R., there is no return.
LAURENT MULLER
HARKIS INTERNAL
BANISHMENT
From one shore of the Mediterranean to
the other, there persists a suspicion against
harkis. In Algeria, these former back-up
troops of the French army are considered as
traitors. In France, since 1954, public opinion
has identified them with quislings. Conversely
those who are concerned, as well as many of
their children, often feel like victims.
For the last thirty-five years, these harkis
have had a singular destiny : they are exiled
among the North- African immigrants : they
are exiles in exile.
ERIC BOUKOBZA
THE SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL
FEATURES F A GYPSY
POPULATION
Evoking the way of life of a gypsy population
means studying why their mobility is in a
way like a form of exile. The gypsy, in his ambiguous
position, has an effect on the imagination
of people : he is both the predator and the
victim. These gypsies have always been trying
to find their bearings by specific trades and
intense religious practices. We must try to
reconsider the place of the gypsy in cultural,
social, historical and geographical spaces to
perceive how their mobility can embody
dreams and arouse anguish.
JUAN MATAS, ROLAND
PFEFFERKORN
MIGRANTS AND
REMEMBRANCE:
A TIME OF TRANSITION
This text presents the first results of an
original survey carried out from 1993 to 1996
with immigrants living in Alsace for at least
fifteen years. The authors show from the
words of those concerned, how difficult the
passage from the original society to the
society of welcome has been. These people
feel torn between two worlds, the more so
as, in the course of time, the prospect of
returning to the native land becomes improbable.
Marriage and especially the birth of
children, growing up here, play an important
part. These interviews have allowed us to
define the nature of the relationships between
fellow-countrymen, as well as the links
with the native land. We have underlined the
changes which have taken place during this
transitory period : the stay, temporary at
first, tends to become permanent and is
more or less perceived as such.
LAURENT HINCKER,
SOUHAYMA BEN ACHOUR
REPUDIATION, THE STUDY OF A
JURIDICAL ANTINOMY
How can one reconcile French human
rights law, secular and egalitarian, with the
unilateral repudiation practised in certain
Muslim countries ? Two fundamental principles
in the French legal system clash head
on : the principle of respect for foreign cultures
and the principle of equality between
men and women. When it comes to dealing
with repudiation in France, French courts
have always privileged the second principle.
Moreover, two recent matters show that
the attitude of French courts is changing
concerning repudiations abroad. In fact,
whereas previously French courts expressed
a certain degree of tolerance regarding
foreign repudiation, they now often refuse to
recognise it, invoking the principle of equality
between spouses established by the
European Convention on Human Rights.
MARIE-NOELE DENIS
FOREIGNERS IN FRANCE SINCE
THE FIRST WORLD WAR
Unlike other European countries, France
has become quite early a land of immigration
and the number of foreigners will constantly
increase during the twentieth century, together
with industrial development. Despite the economical
crisis and the ban on the immigration
of workers since 1974, immigrants represent
7,4 % of the population in 1982 and 7,3 % in
1990, a rate never reached since the middle of
the 19th century. This increase in numbers
goes together with a geographical development.
The foreigners living in France first were
Belgians, Italians, Germans, Swiss, then Poles
and Spaniards. Today they are Portuguese,
Algerians, Maroccans and Asians. They mostly
live around Paris and Lyon, and in Lorraine.
In 1984, a new immigration, a family one
appeared, the only legal one. Assimilation
has become easier for foreigners, but there
is a problem of employment brought about
by a younger workforce and a feminine one.
Indeed, the increase of unemployment
affects more foreigners than nationals and
itensifies xenophobic reactions.
ANDRÉ RAUCH
CHANGES IN TOURISM: FROM THE
GUIDE BLEU TO THE ROUTARD
The tourist-traveller, this nomad who
seeks no place of refuge, has become an everyday
figure. These last hundred years,
guide-books have generated this travel culture.
In museums, castles and churches, the
tourist has venerated lifeless reliquaries.
But the new guide-books aim at introducing
the tourist to the present day world. Plain
events, like eating, drinking, looking around
neutralize conflicts, pacify objects and
reduce oppositions. The cheaper a foreign
country is, the more open it becomes to everyone’s
pocket. Poverty, a tourist consumable,
makes it even more attractive.
PIERRE HEINZ
TEHE IDEOLOGY OF THE
STRAIGHT LINE AND NOMA-
DISM IN COMMUNICATION
The ideology of the straight line, the myth
of transparency and the boom of capitalism
have considerably modified the reality of travel,
migration and exile. Nomads in particular
have increasingly been hampered in their
wanderings by the linear and authoritative
nature of borders. As a result, spaces can
seem closed, the planet grided and delimited,
and the undefined zones on the map which
were once invitations to travel, now seem to
implode under the weight of a growing population.
This article proposes to reconstitute
the nature of travel in the spaces of a world
which we could have dismissed as ” enclosed
”, a world contracted and narrowed by networks
of communication. On the contrary, any
sociological analysis of the advent of a nomadic
and ” communicational ” tribalism must
comprehend a reality which appears to be
open, versatile and in expansion.
ERIC NAVET
THE RICH NOMAD AND THE
POOR WRETCH
It seems that religious traditions unanimously
admit that there is no paradise here
below. The ” beautiful, orderly, harmonious
” dream world of Amerindians is always feasible,
possible but never achieved ; this
dream world must be ” elsewhere ”. Creation,
life, are based on a rupture (considered like
a sin) between man and the Creator and on
discrimination between creatures. For socalled
” revealed ” religions, rupture, banishment
and difference establish and/or legitimize
a relationship of power between man
and the world. The religions of natural societies
develop a philosophy, an ethnic of ”
reconciliation ” of the human being with the
rest of creation. Thus, knowledge may be
attained by dreams, shamanism and death.
ISABELLE BIANQUIS-
GASSER
THE TRAVELLING OF NOMADIC
CATTLE BREEDERS IN THE
REPUBLIC OF MONGOLIA
An approach to the phenomenon of
nomadization among the cattle-breeders of
Mongolia. How often and in which way do
they move today ? What is left of these traditions
in an urban environment ? Do they
travel from one encampment to the other for
economical, ecological or political reasons,
or is this feature one of the main elements
of their culture ?
GILLES HERREROS
HERMES, THE OUTSIDER
Hermes, the god of travellers, commanding
doors to slide open or shut, is an ambivalent
figure. Sly, cunning, he is a disquieting
figure of Greek mythology. The
sociologist prides himself on his ability to
intervene, to translate, to mediatize, and frequents
the places where “ the passage ” is
organized. Must this sociologist, who
conducts, in his own way, what the son of
Zeus and Maïa symbolizes, identify with
such an outsider ?
The text suggests that the only real outsider
is like Hermes. Thus, epistemological
and theoretical conclusions have to be
drawn from this fact.
FRANÇOIS STEUDLER,
CAROLE THIRY-BOUR
HOSPITALS : CROSS-BORDER
COOPERATION AND EXCHANGES
The authors have analyzed the general
stakes of cooperation, on both sides of the
Rhine, especially in the field of health. They
present a certain number of experiences and
projects, based on a study on cross-border
cooperation, especially in Alsace, within the
framework of a COMETT project.