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68° CONGRESSO NAZIONALE SCIVAC 11-13 Marzo 2011 - Milano LE DOMANDE PIÙ FREQUENTI IN RIPRODUZIONE CANINA E FELINA Tutto quello che i vostri clienti osano spesso chiedere e a cui voi non sapete rispondere 14 th EVSSAR Congress - Advances in Feline Reproduction - March 11 th 2011 1. CRYPTORCHIDISM Cryptorchidism is defined as the absence of one or both testis in the scrotum after 4-8 weeks. Retained testis may be located in the abdomen, in the inguinal area (inside or outside the ring) or ante-scrotal. The right testis is more often ectopic than the left, due to its original position more cranial than the left one (caudal to kidney) Cryptorchidism is considered to be hereditary and an autosomal recessive trait. This means it is carried by both maternal and paternal lines. Dogs with bilateral abdominal ectopia are sterile but produce testosterone (even at higher concentration), they are sterile, but sexual behaviour is intact. Inguinal and ante-scrotal retained testis are fertile. It is not uncommon to identify in a line of a dog with a retained testis, report of delayed testicular descent (in position after 8 weeks of age) or retained testis. Exclusion of all affected males from the breeding programme is recommended. Some authorities recommend the exclusion of their parents and their potential offspring! Retained testis promotes the development of testicular tumors and in a lesser extent testicular torsion (when abdominal ectopia). 21% of dogs suffering from a testicular neoplasia have a retained testis. About 45% of sertoli cell tumors and 30% seminomas grow in an abdominal retained testis. Abdominal retained testits are predisposed to setoli cells tumor (the risk is 9-14 times higher than normal). Testis in inguinal position are predisposed to seminoma (more moderate temperature in agreement with the survival of germ cells). It is always advisable to castrate a male with retained testes. The controlateral scrotal testis may be left in place and a vasectomy performed to exclude the dog from a breeding programme. 2. TESTICULAR NEOPLASIA Testicular tumors are usually benign. However 10-14% of sertoli cell tumors and 6 to 10% of seminomas are malignant. Leiomiomas are exceptionally malignant. The tumor infiltration is most often through the epididymis, but may metastase by local infiltration of lymphatic and pampiniform cords. Thus, metastases are mainly found in the local lymph nodes (iliacs lombo-aortics, rarely mesenteric), and exceptionally in the liver, spleen, lungs, mediastinum, brain, pancreas and kidney. 92
68° CONGRESSO NAZIONALE SCIVAC 11-13 Marzo 2011 - Milano LE DOMANDE PIÙ FREQUENTI IN RIPRODUZIONE CANINA E FELINA Tutto quello che i vostri clienti osano spesso chiedere e a cui voi non sapete rispondere 14 th EVSSAR Congress - Advances in Feline Reproduction - March 11 th 2011 Sertoli cells tumors can cause para-neoplastic syndrome with dramatic consequences (feminization syndrome leading to non-regenerative anemia and squamous metaplasia of the prostate). Leiomiomas can increase the testosterone production leading to exacerbation of agressivity and also hepatoid gland tumors. Seminoma may be of very large size causing dog’s discomfort and possible orchitis. Castration of testicular tumor is always recommended, taking care to cut the spermatic cord as cranial as possible. Although tumors are rarely bilateral removal of both testis is recommended. The tumoral testis is not always easy to identify (not always the bigger), the risk of subsequent tumor formation on the testis left in place is possible and the dog is generally not bredding any more (ageing dogs). 3. SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR: MOUNTING, AGRESSIVENESS, FUGUE Sterilization, especially male castration, is frequently thought by owners as a solution for behavior disorders. However, the links between behavior and sex hormones are probably more complex than it seems. After castration, the urine marking, fugue and agressiveness significantly improved (from 50 to 90%, best results are obtained for fugue) for 40 to 60% of dogs. Effects on aggressiveness are much less encouraging. In one study by Nielson, a simple reduction in aggression toward familiar or others is seen in only 25% of dogs. In females, a study conclude that ovariectomy had no significant effect on behavior, and may even be associated with increased aggressiveness. Some authors demonstrate increased reactivity after sterilization at the approach of a stranger (females German Shepherd). Contrary to popular belief, positive results are not influenced by age at sterilization and by seniority of disorders. Prudence is necessary: results of sterilization are random and unpredictable, often disappointing and limited. Fugue, urine marking and mouting behavior are likely to improve, in approximately half of dogs. Moreover, early sterilization does not prevent onset of behavior disorder. In Anglo-Saxon countries, where most animals are spayed early, these disorders are no less frequent. Address for correspondence: Clinique vétérinaire des Poumadères - Centre de Reproduction des Carnivores du Sud-Ouest (CRECS) 58, Bd des Poumadères 32600 L’Isle Jourdain Tel.: (0033)5 62 07 15 40 - Fax: (0033)5 62 07 01 79 www.vetreproduction.com - www.vetrepro.fr 93
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