Das Ethnonym - Horst Südkamp - Kulturhistorische Studien

43
als Menschen: Khoi- khoin, abgrenzen, d.h. jene über ihre eigene politische
Organisation hinausgehende ethnische Solidaritätsreserve mobilisieren, um die
historisch fixierbare Bedrohung durch die in ihre Siedlungsräume eindringenden
Bantuvölker abzuwehren. Intern, d.h. unter sich grenzen sie sich wiederum ähnlich
wie die Buschmänner und die Eskimos über topographische, und anders als
diese über institutionelle oder eidetische Zuordnungen ab. "The various bands
among the Heikum are generally referred to among each other by a name which
indicates either the locality in which they live, or describes some physical or
other characteristic of the band itself or of its locality. The se- khoin, for
example, are the people of the seb or plain; the /gom- khoin the people who eat
the /gom or omungete nut; and the xom- khoin the people whom xom or srape
together, the name indicating their method of collecting salt on the Etosha Pan,
along whose southern border they live." 64
In Namaland überwiegen Stammesnamen, die auffällige kulturelle Adaptionen
herausstellen. "The names of the different tribes, in the case of the Great Namaqua,
appear to be derived from some characteristic feature associated with the
people, and are in many cases exactly translated by the Dutch names by which
the tribes are now customarily known. Thus the //O Gein or Groot Doode are the
"great dead"; the //Haboben, or Veldskoedragers, are called after a kind of sandal
worn by the people (Dutch veldskoen, Nama //habob or //hawob); while the
=/Aunin, or Topnaars, are the "people of the point", a reference to the fact that
they inhabit the sea coast, the extreme point of occupation of the Naman. The
name !Naranin, by which this last tribe is also sometimes known, is derived from
!naras melon, so outstanding an article in their diet." 65
Neben den Namen, die sich auf topographische, institutionelle oder adaptive
Merkmale beziehen, kommen bei den Hottentotten auch Stammesnamen vor,
welche die Abstammung von einem Ahnen betonen. "In the case of the Orlams
the native names are taken mostly from the name of the supposed first ancestor of
the people, e.g. //Khauan from the personal name //Khauab... There were two
branches of these people or the big (gei) branch, and the light coulored branch
(/hei), hence the tribal names Gei//Khauan and /Hei//Khauan." 66 ... "Each clan
named itself eponymously from its first known ancestor, or from the ancestor
under whom it first claimed independence... The legend of the Swartbois, for instance,
is that they seperated from Rooi Natie under the leadership of the /Garin
family, and that the three brothers of this family became ancestors of the three
chief clans of the tribe- the /Gari Gein or big /Garin, the /Gari !Nagaman or
next /Garin, and the /Gari =/Karin or little /Garin, these names being those of
the three brothers respectively." 67
Im Falle der Hottentotten stehen den ihnen benachbarten Bantustämmen Stämme
gegenüber, deren Einheit durch ein Ethnonym ausgedrückt wird, das in ihrer ei-
64 I.Schapera, The Khoisan peoples of South- Africa, London 1930, S.75-6
65 I.Schapera, The Khoisan peoples of South- Africa, London 1930, S.224
66 I.Schapera, The Khoisan peoples of South- Africa, London 1930, S.224
67 I.Schapera, The Khoisan peoples of South- Africa, London 1930, S.226