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NOEP • Where data for the individual industries are available, users may adjust the sector totals to suit specific preferences, if desired. On balance, the strengths of the methodology outweigh the weaknesses. For the most part, the weaknesses are inherent to either the original data sources used or to the nature of any taxonomic process or to data availability limitations that cannot easily be overcome. The NOEP methodology is still under development, and ways must be found to control for both the upward and downward biases in the data in order to improve the estimates. A.2 Market and Non-Market Valuation The ocean, like other environmental assets, may be viewed as a set of natural resources that provide a stream of valuable services over a period of time (Freeman, 2003). These services can be direct, like swimming or sunbathing on a beach, boating or recreational fishing. Or they can be indirect, like ecological preservation or influencing climates. Moreover, these services may be traded in markets with prices, like overnight camping fees, or fishing permits. These services can also be available outside traditional markets, like the recreational value of a day at the beach, or day of recreational fishing. Much of what a beach visitor values in a “day at a beach” or a surfer values in a “day of surfing” is not bought and sold in markets, and therefore, the value of these added services is often omitted in traditional economic valuation/impact studies, or is not directly linked to the natural asset that provides these services. The process of determining the economic value of those activities that are not traded in the market is not the same as calculating the value of something that is traded in the market place such as purchasing a boat or buying a swim suit. These activities have non-market use values to those who partake in them, which must be estimated indirectly and somewhat less precisely than a market activity. Non-market valuation methods have been increasingly used to estimate that “value “of recreational activities that are not captured by market transactions, although the methods for determining these values are less precise and still becoming more sophisticated. Non-market valuation methods can be broadly divided into two groups: surrogate market techniques and simulated market techniques. Surrogate market techniques attempt to estimate implicit (substitute) values for environmental goods and services by means of the price of another good or service that is marketed. These techniques use actual market prices to value an environmental quality or resource that is not marketed. The idea behind these methods is that prices for many marketed goods and services differ across seemingly equal units due to different environmental qualities, scale or setting, and these price differentials reflect a purchaser’s valuation of the environmental effects associated with any particular unit. Hedonic Pricing and Travel Cost are the two most widely used methods under this category. Simulated market techniques are not based on observed behavior, but on a user’s responses to survey questions, which try to mimic the actual market. These experimental situations ask users to choose between things, to give information about the value they place on certain costs or benefits. Contingent Valuation methods are the most commonly used simulated market techniques. Estimates of non-market values of ocean-related recreational activities in <strong>California</strong> are imprecise and subject to a range of biases. The users’ valuation of beaches, recreational 134
NOEP fishing, or boating will not only depend on the ocean/water/beach/fish stock characteristics, it will also be a function of the users’ characteristics and situation. Even assuming that the appropriate non-market valuation methods were available to determine the exact price which the users would be willing to pay for the use of these ocean-related environmental assets, each recreational activity in each area will have different dollar values. For example, while a surfer may value a beach by its surf, a sunbather may value it by the quality of the sand. In order to get willingness to pay for a day at a particular beach, the valuation of these different uses is aggregated, which may create aggregation error. To get the overall non-market value of ocean-related recreational activities in <strong>California</strong>, gross aggregations were used to get the total number of users and then again aggregated different types of uses in three broad categories, namely, beach visitation, recreational fishing and recreational boating; leading to additional estimation errors. Therefore, the reader must keep in mind, that the estimated non-market values are not precise, but only give gross estimates. 135
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NOEP CALIFORNIA’S OCEAN ECONOMY R
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NOEP Table of Contents Executive Su
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NOEP PART IV APPENDIX .............
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NOEP Table 6-4: 2000 Employment, Wa
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NOEP Figure 8-4: Fishing and Boatin
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NOEP Executive Summary California
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NOEP Acknowledgements The State of
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NOEP PART I BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY
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NOEP ocean and economic activity, s
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NOEP The use of SIC codes and geogr
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NOEP Chapter 2 Summary of Findings
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NOEP Table 2-2: Regional Population
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NOEP Table 2-5: Growth Rates for Co
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NOEP 2.4 California’s Ocean Econo
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NOEP 2.5 California’s Ocean Econo
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NOEP Table 2-10: California Ocean E
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NOEP Figure 2-5 shows that the prop
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NOEP Number of Workers 1,000,000 10
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NOEP 2.7 Indirect and Induced Estim
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NOEP • Construction trends in mar
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NOEP PART II THE SECTORS OF THE CAL
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NOEP assess: a) Landings and landed
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NOEP Billion Pounds 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
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NOEP Percentage 25% 20% 15% 10% 5%
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NOEP in terms of revenue, replacing
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NOEP Figure 3-6 shows the landings
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NOEP Thousands of Wet Tons 200 180
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NOEP 3.4 Conclusion Living Resource
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NOEP Chapter 4 California Ocean Min
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NOEP Table 4-3: California Offshore
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NOEP Table 4-6: Coastal Counties On
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NOEP are concentrated in less than
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NOEP Chapter 5 California Marine Tr
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NOEP million tons of foreign cargo
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NOEP 120,000,000 100,000,000 80,000
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NOEP From 1992 to 2001, total value
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NOEP Table 5-4: Port Rankings 2001
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NOEP 5.2 CA Water Transportation: R
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NOEP Table 5-9: Warehousing (SIC co
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NOEP Table 5-11: Marine Passenger T
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NOEP Table 5-13: Search and Navigat
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NOEP 5.2 References California Mari
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NOEP Chapter 6 California Marine Co
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NOEP 6.2.1 Historical Capital Expen
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NOEP 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0%
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NOEP CA Share of Total U.S. Port Ca
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Page 99 and 100: NOEP CA Share of Capital Expenditur
Page 101 and 102: NOEP 6.2.4 Economic Impact The foll
Page 103 and 104: NOEP 6.3 Beach Nourishment 39 In Ca
Page 105 and 106: NOEP Table 6-6: Funding for Califor
Page 107 and 108: NOEP Chapter 7: California Ship & B
Page 109 and 110: NOEP research ships for commercial
Page 111 and 112: NOEP 7.3 References CA Employment D
Page 113 and 114: NOEP Chapter 8 Coastal Tourism & Re
Page 115 and 116: NOEP volume and diversity, along th
Page 117 and 118: NOEP participated in marine recreat
Page 119 and 120: NOEP 8.2.2 California Beach Valuati
Page 121 and 122: NOEP No attempt has been made to es
Page 123 and 124: NOEP 8.2.3 Recreational Fishing and
Page 125 and 126: NOEP 14,000,000 12,000,000 10,000,0
Page 127 and 128: NOEP The travel industry supported
Page 129 and 130: NOEP 8.4 Regional Estimates of Cali
Page 131 and 132: NOEP Table 8-16 Cont. SIC4 Region N
Page 133 and 134: NOEP Table 8-17 summarizes the tota
Page 135 and 136: NOEP 8.5 References California Fast
Page 137 and 138: NOEP PART III CONCLUSION Future Dir
Page 139 and 140: NOEP PART IV APPENDIX Appendix A: T
Page 141 and 142: NOEP All ES-202 data are reported t
Page 143: NOEP At the same time, this data se
Page 147 and 148: NOEP Table B-1: Commercial Fisherie
Page 149 and 150: NOEP Appendix C: California Marine
Page 151 and 152: NOEP Appendix D: California Beaches
Page 153 and 154: NOEP Table D-1: Regional Beaches an
Page 155 and 156: NOEP Table D-1: Regional Beaches an
Page 157 and 158: NOEP Table D-2: Regional Beaches fr
Page 159 and 160: NOEP Table D-2: Regional Beaches fr
Page 161 and 162: NOEP Region County Beach Gray Whale
Page 163 and 164: NOEP Region County Beach San Luis O
Page 165 and 166: NOEP Region County Beach La Piedra
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