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88 Freedom by the Sword: The U.S. Colored Troops, 1862–1867 attacked, and it be necessary to protect the public property.” The tone of these orders, delivered just a week after the Confederate surrender, typified the restraint that would be enjoined on the U.S. Colored Troops as they took up occupation duties across the recalcitrant South. 78 78 OR, ser. 1, vol. 47, pt. 3, p. 514.
Chapter 4 Southern Louisiana and the Gulf Coast, 1862–1863 Control of the Mississippi River was an objective that federal officials bore in mind even before hostilities began. Commercially important since the days of the first trans-Appalachian settlements, the river was the route by which a large part of the South’s chief export, cotton, reached the world. Toward the end of its course, the Mississippi meets the Red River in low, flat land between Natchez and Baton Rouge. Because of the level terrain, parts of the flow of both rivers join to form a distributary stream called the Atchafalaya River, which flows south to empty into the Gulf of Mexico at Atchafalaya Bay while the Mississippi itself turns gradually to the southeast. Every landowner’s lot in southeastern Louisiana included river frontage, a vestige of the region’s French colonial heritage. Rivers and bayous substituted for roads, carrying planters’ produce and purchases to and from market. They also provided routes for escaping slaves and, later, for raiding parties from both sides in the Civil War. Throughout the region, levees and drainage canals were, and still are, prominent features of the landscape (see Map 2). 1 Around the confluence of the Red River and the Mississippi and to the west and south of it lay the “sugar parishes” of Louisiana. North of there, and up the Mississippi past Memphis, the planters grew cotton. Both crops required plenty of land and labor, and the lower Mississippi Valley was home to large plantations and some of the highest concentrations of black people in the United States. In the cotton-growing “Natchez District”—the five Mississippi counties south of Vicksburg and the three Louisiana parishes across the river—nearly 106,000 black residents outnumbered the region’s whites by more than four to one. Only 407 of the 106,000 were free. 2 The population of New Orleans was quite different. The city’s 168,675 residents made it the nation’s sixth largest and the only thing approaching a metropolis in the Confederacy. Charleston, the next most populous, was less than one-quarter 1 Ira Berlin et al., eds., The Destruction of Slavery (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 190; Martin Reuss, Designing the Bayous: The Control of Water in the Atchafalaya Basin (Alexandria, Va.: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1998), pp. 19–23. 2 Sam B. Hilliard, Atlas of Antebellum Southern Agriculture (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984), pp. 34, 36, 38, 43, 71, 77; Ira Berlin, Generations of Captivity: A History of African-American Slaves (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003), pp. 174–88; U.S. Census Bureau, Population of the United States in 1860 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1864), pp. 194, 270. Michael Wayne, The Reshaping of Plantation Society: The Natchez District,
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FREEDOM BY THE SWORD THE U.S. COLOR
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ARMY HISTORICAL SERIES FREEDOM BY T
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ARMY HISTORICAL SERIES Reina J. Pen
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No. Page 4. Along the Mississippi R
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x Page Swampy woods near Petersburg
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The Author William A. Dobak receive
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off-duty behavior, a book about bla
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Daoust, and John G. Saint, descenda
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Chapter 1 Mustering In—Federal Po
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Mustering In—Federal Policy on Em
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Chapter 2 The South Atlantic Coast
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The South Atlantic Coast, 1861-1863
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Southern Louisiana and the Gulf Coa
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Chapter 6 The Mississippi River and
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The Mississippi River and its Tribu
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Table 1—Black Regiments Organized
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Chapter 7 Along the Mississippi Riv
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Along the Mississippi River, 1863-1
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Chapter 8 Arkansas, Indian Territor
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Arkansas, Indian Territory, and Kan
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Artists’ representations of stati
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Chapter 9 Middle Tennessee, Alabama
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Middle Tennessee, Alabama, and Geor
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Chapter 10 North Carolina and Virgi
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North Carolina and Virginia, 1861-1
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Chapter 11 Virginia, May-October 18
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Virginia, May-October 1864 337 of b
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Virginia, May-October 1864 339 Much
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Virginia, May-October 1864 341 sixt
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Virginia, May-October 1864 343 to c
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Virginia, May-October 1864 345 Disp
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Virginia, May-October 1864 347 Many
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Virginia, May-October 1864 349 some
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Virginia, May-October 1864 351 This
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Virginia, May-October 1864 353 ers
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Virginia, May-October 1864 355 not
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Virginia, May-October 1864 357 move
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Virginia, May-October 1864 359 & ba
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Virginia, May-October 1864 361 thei
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Virginia, May-October 1864 363 with
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Virginia, May-October 1864 365 The
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Virginia, May-October 1864 367 any
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Virginia, May-October 1864 369 proa
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Virginia, May-October 1864 371 ence
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Virginia, May-October 1864 373 Mary
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Virginia, May-October 1864 375 Terr
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Virginia, May-October 1864 377 rest
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Chapter 12 Kentucky, North Carolina
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Kentucky, North Carolina, and Virgi
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Chapter 13 South Texas, 1864-1867 W
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South Texas, 1864-1867 427 Brownsvi
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South Texas, 1864-1867 429 a year e
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South Texas, 1864-1867 431 Magruder
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South Texas, 1864-1867 433 the retr
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South Texas, 1864-1867 435 water wh
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South Texas, 1864-1867 437 cleared
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South Texas, 1864-1867 439 ther nor
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South Texas, 1864-1867 441 supposed
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South Texas, 1864-1867 443 a set of
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Table 4—General Weitzel’s Ranki
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South Texas, 1864-1867 447 way, bes
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South Texas, 1864-1867 449 Palm tre
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Chapter 14 Reconstruction, 1865-186
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 459 the q
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 473 gone
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Table 5—Muster-out Dates of Black
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 477 honor
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 495 depar
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Chapter 15 Conclusion Although the
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Conclusion 499 than twelve thousand
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Conclusion 501 Americans on the pat
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Conclusion 503 railroad constructio
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Conclusion 505 to load and fire the
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508 Freedom by the Sword: The U.S.
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Adams, Col. Charles F., 422 Adams,
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Index 539 Brown, 1st Lt. Matthew C.
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Index 541 Fleetwood, Sgt. Maj. Chri
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Index 547 Rickard, Capt. James H.,
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Index 549 X, 70, 345, 369-70, 373,
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Index 551 64th USCI (7th Louisiana)
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Index 553 345, 354-55, 358, 367, 36
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