Freedom by the Sword - US Army Center Of Military History

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R ed R ALONG THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER 1861–1865 Camden O u a chita R W hite R. A r k a nsas R Pine Blu� Batesville B a y o u Boeuf Bayou Macon Fort Adams Woodville Helena Mississippi R Sun�ower R Yazoo R Skipwith’s L anding Tunica Pearl R Lake Pontchartrain Fort Pillow Randolph Collierville Greenwood Grenada Big Black R Union City Cairo Moscow La Fayette Oxford Lake Providence Yazoo City Liverpool Benton Heights Vaughan’s Station Monroe Goodrich’s L anding Satartia Hayne’s Blu� Vicksburg M illiken’s Bend Canton Raymond Grand Gulf JACKSON Alexandria Opelousas LITTLE ROCK Vidalia M I S S O U R I A R K A N S A S Napoleon Gaine’s Landing Bruinsburg Natchez Port Hudson L O U I S I A N A Map 4 0 25 50 75 Miles Port Gibson BATON ROUGE Memphis New Orleans Holly Springs M I S S I S S I P P I ILLINOIS Paducah Columbus Jackson La Grange Pontotoc Tupelo Houston Ripley Egypt Corinth Rienzi Pascagoula Okolona Meridian O h i o R Fort Henry Te n n e ssee R Aberdeen Columbus K E N T U C K Y Mobile Fort Donelson T E N N E S S E E Florence Tuscumbia Tuscaloosa Selma Bowling Green NASHVILLE Decatur Pensacola Pulaski Huntsville A L A B A M A FLORIDA
Along the Mississippi River, 1863–1865 191 law of General Grant. “A good many of those . . . were wives of members of our company,” Mathews added, “[and] the boys think tis pretty hard.” 2 Union regiments marched into the undefended city of Natchez on 13 July, completing their occupation of population centers along the Mississippi. They captured about twenty Confederate soldiers and the next day seized a herd of five thousand Texas cattle not far from the town. Natchez was an important crossing point for livestock and other Confederate supplies. Its new federal commander voiced a familiar plea for “instructions as to what policy I shall pursue with regard to the negroes. They flock in by thousands (about 1 able bodied man to 6 women and children). I am feeding about 500, and working the able bodied men. . . . I cannot take care of them. What shall I do with them? They are all anxious to go; they do not know where or what for.” This call for advice from the commanding officer of an important town came three months after Adjutant General Lorenzo Thomas announced the policy of enlisting black soldiers and eight months after Grant appointed Chaplain John Eaton as general superintendent of contrabands, “to take charge of all fugitive slaves,” late in 1862. The plea illustrates clearly the precarious nature of communications and command that bedeviled the efforts of both sides during the war. 3 Nevertheless, most cities along the Mississippi, from St. Louis southward, became centers for recruiting and organizing black soldiers during the summer and fall of 1863. The first black regiment to be organized in Missouri took shape that August and September in St. Louis. To placate the state’s slaveholders, Union authorities named it the 3d Arkansas Volunteer Infantry (AD). Not until December would federal recruiters in the border states feel sure enough of white residents’ loyalty to name a black regiment, the 1st Missouri Colored, after the state where it was raised. Similar political considerations caused a regiment organized at Columbus, Kentucky, to be called the 2d Tennessee Heavy Artillery (AD). 4 Farther south along the Mississippi, organizers of black troops raised a regiment of heavy artillery and a regiment of infantry at Memphis; one regiment each of cavalry and heavy artillery and two of infantry at Vicksburg; and one regiment of heavy artillery and another of infantry at Natchez. All this activity took place in Grant’s Department of the Tennessee, which included most of the state of Mississippi, a few posts at steamboat landings in northern Louisiana, and those parts of Kentucky and Tennessee that lay west of the Tennessee River. At the same time, 2 OR, ser. 1, vol. 17, pt. 1, p. 720; vol. 24, pt. 2, pp. 466 (“broken up”), 507–08. J. L. Mathews to Dear Sister, 12 Jul 1863, J. L. Mathews Papers, State Historical Society of Iowa, Iowa City. An unofficial Confederate source estimated the number of black captives taken in late spring at fourteen hundred. Richard Lowe, Walker’s Texas Division C.S.A.: Greyhounds of the Trans-Mississippi (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004), p. 106. On riverine warfare in Arkansas, see Robert B. Mackey, The Uncivil War: Irregular Warfare in the Upper South, 1861–1865 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004), pp. 29–36. 3 OR, ser. 1, vol. 24, pt. 2, pp. 680–81 (quotation, p. 681); Ira Berlin et al., eds., The Wartime Genesis of Free Labor: The Lower South (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 670– 71 (quotation, p. 670) (hereafter cited as WGFL: LS). 4 Frederick H. Dyer, A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion (New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1959 [1909]), pp. 1000, 1322, 1642.
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FREEDOM BY THE SWORD THE U.S. COLOR
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ARMY HISTORICAL SERIES FREEDOM BY T
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ARMY HISTORICAL SERIES Reina J. Pen
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No. Page 4. Along the Mississippi R
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x Page Swampy woods near Petersburg
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The Author William A. Dobak receive
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off-duty behavior, a book about bla
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Daoust, and John G. Saint, descenda
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Chapter 1 Mustering In—Federal Po
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Mustering In—Federal Policy on Em
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Chapter 2 The South Atlantic Coast
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The South Atlantic Coast, 1861-1863
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60 Freedom by the Sword: The U.S. C
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SOUTH CAROLINA A R K A N S A S Sava
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100 Freedom by the Sword: The U.S.
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Chapter 5 Southern Louisiana and th
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Southern Louisiana and the Gulf Coa
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Arkansas, Indian Territory, and Kan
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Chapter 9 Middle Tennessee, Alabama
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Middle Tennessee, Alabama, and Geor
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Chapter 10 North Carolina and Virgi
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North Carolina and Virginia, 1861-1
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Chapter 11 Virginia, May-October 18
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Virginia, May-October 1864 337 of b
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Virginia, May-October 1864 339 Much
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Virginia, May-October 1864 341 sixt
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Virginia, May-October 1864 343 to c
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Virginia, May-October 1864 345 Disp
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Virginia, May-October 1864 347 Many
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Virginia, May-October 1864 349 some
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Virginia, May-October 1864 351 This
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Virginia, May-October 1864 353 ers
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Virginia, May-October 1864 355 not
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Virginia, May-October 1864 357 move
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Virginia, May-October 1864 359 & ba
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Virginia, May-October 1864 361 thei
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Virginia, May-October 1864 363 with
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Virginia, May-October 1864 365 The
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Virginia, May-October 1864 367 any
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Virginia, May-October 1864 369 proa
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Virginia, May-October 1864 371 ence
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Virginia, May-October 1864 373 Mary
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Virginia, May-October 1864 375 Terr
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Virginia, May-October 1864 377 rest
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Chapter 12 Kentucky, North Carolina
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Kentucky, North Carolina, and Virgi
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Chapter 13 South Texas, 1864-1867 W
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South Texas, 1864-1867 427 Brownsvi
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South Texas, 1864-1867 429 a year e
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South Texas, 1864-1867 431 Magruder
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South Texas, 1864-1867 433 the retr
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South Texas, 1864-1867 435 water wh
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South Texas, 1864-1867 437 cleared
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South Texas, 1864-1867 439 ther nor
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South Texas, 1864-1867 441 supposed
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South Texas, 1864-1867 443 a set of
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Table 4—General Weitzel’s Ranki
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South Texas, 1864-1867 447 way, bes
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South Texas, 1864-1867 449 Palm tre
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South Texas, 1864-1867 451 ists eva
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South Texas, 1864-1867 453 were to
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Chapter 14 Reconstruction, 1865-186
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CC uu mm bb RR erland erland ugh ep
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 459 the q
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 463 corn.
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 465 way t
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 467 The 1
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 469 us ex
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 471 ana l
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 473 gone
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Table 5—Muster-out Dates of Black
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 477 honor
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 493 manne
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 495 depar
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Chapter 15 Conclusion Although the
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Conclusion 499 than twelve thousand
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Conclusion 501 Americans on the pat
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Conclusion 503 railroad constructio
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Conclusion 505 to load and fire the
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Adams, Col. Charles F., 422 Adams,
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Index 539 Brown, 1st Lt. Matthew C.
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Index 541 Fleetwood, Sgt. Maj. Chri
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Index 543 Irwin, Lt. Col. Richard B
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Index 545 Moon, Capt. Lewis, 450 Mo
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Index 547 Rickard, Capt. James H.,
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Index 549 X, 70, 345, 369-70, 373,
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Index 551 64th USCI (7th Louisiana)
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Index 553 345, 354-55, 358, 367, 36
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