Freedom by the Sword - US Army Center Of Military History

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A Harper’s Weekly artist thought that a photograph of the escaped slave Hubbard Pryor made a good “before enlistment” image. After Pryor enlisted in the 44th U.S. Colored Infantry, the artist found the squat, scowling soldier less appealing and substituted an idealized figure to show the transformative effect of donning the Union blue.
Mustering In—Federal Policy on Emancipation and Recruitment 13 had their own ideas about a smaller optimum size for Colored Troops regiments, but the War Department eventually ordered them to conform to the national standard. 25 A new black regiment usually recruited its men and completed its organization in one place. Along the edge of the Confederacy, cities and army posts from Baltimore, Maryland, to Fort Scott, Kansas, drew tens of thousands of black people seeking refuge from slavery and were good recruiting grounds. So were towns in the Confederate interior that Union troops had occupied by the summer of 1863, such as La Grange, Tennessee, and Natchez, Mississippi. As Union armies expanded their areas of operation, large posts also sprang up at places like Camp Nelson, Kentucky, and Port Hudson, Louisiana, in territory previously untouched by Union recruiters. Regiments organized in the free states secured volunteers without resorting to impressment or disturbing the local labor market, as sometimes happened in the occupied South when recruiters competed for men with Army quartermasters and engineering officers and the Navy, as well as with plantation owners and lessees. This rivalry caused friction between officials who wore the same uniform and strove for the same cause. 26 Prevailing racial attitudes dictated that white men would lead the new regiments. An important practical consideration was the need for men with military experience, and identifiably black men had been barred from enlistment until late in 1862. Political advantage also weighed heavily with governors who appointed officers in regiments raised in Northern states. In most of these states, black residents lacked the vote and other civil rights and were of little consequence politically. All these factors, especially the possibility that white soldiers might have to take orders from a black man of superior rank, pointed toward an allwhite officer corps. The first step in becoming an officer of Colored Troops was to secure an appointment. Most applicants came directly from state volunteer regiments or had previous service in militia or short-term volunteer units. Those who were already officers attained field grade in the Colored Troops, while noncommissioned officers and privates became company officers. At Lake Providence, Louisiana, Adjutant General Thomas addressed two divisions of the XVII Corps in April 1863 and asked each to provide enough officer candidates for two Colored Troops regiments. The vacancies filled within days. Two years later, when the XVII Corps had marched through the Carolinas and was about to reorganize its black road builders as the 135th USCI, 25 AGO, General Orders (GO) 110, 29 Apr 1863, set the standards for volunteer regiments. OR, ser. 3, 3: 175; see also 4: 205–06 (Banks); Maj C. W. Foster to Col H. Barnes, 7 Jan 1864, Entry 352, RG 94, NA; Brig Gen J. P. Hawkins to Brig Gen L. Thomas, 19 Aug 1864 (H–48–AG–1864), Entry 363, LR by Adj Gen L. Thomas, RG 94, NA. Because regiments of infantry far outnumbered all other types throughout the federal army, state infantry regiments will be referred to simply as, for instance, “the 29th Connecticut” (black) or “the 8th Maine” (white). Other regiments will receive more complete identification, as with “the 5th Massachusetts Cavalry” (black) or “the 1st New York Engineers” (white). 26 The 4th, 7th, and 39th USCIs organized at Baltimore; the 1st and part of the 2d Kansas Colored Infantry, which became the 79th (New) USCI and 83d (New) USCI, at Fort Scott. Natchez was home to the 6th United States Colored Artillery (USCA) and the 58th, 70th, and part of the 71st USCIs; La Grange, to the 59th, 61st, and part of the 11th (New) USCIs. The 5th and 6th U.S. Colored Cavalry; 12th and 13th USCAs; and 114th, 116th, 119th, and 124th USCIs organized at Camp Nelson. The 78th, 79th (Old), 80th, 81st, 82d, 83d (Old), 84th, 88th (Old), and 89th USCIs organized at Port Hudson. ORVF, 8: 145–46, 154, 161–63, 172, 176, 182, 212, 231–32, 234, 243–44, 254–63, 269, 271, 295, 297, 300, 305.
Page 3 and 4: FREEDOM BY THE SWORD THE U.S. COLOR
Page 5 and 6: ARMY HISTORICAL SERIES FREEDOM BY T
Page 7: ARMY HISTORICAL SERIES Reina J. Pen
Page 10 and 11: No. Page 4. Along the Mississippi R
Page 12 and 13: x Page Swampy woods near Petersburg
Page 14 and 15: The Author William A. Dobak receive
Page 16 and 17: off-duty behavior, a book about bla
Page 18 and 19: Daoust, and John G. Saint, descenda
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 Mustering In—Federal Po
Page 23 and 24: Mustering In—Federal Policy on Em
Page 31: Mustering In—Federal Policy on Em
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 2 The South Atlantic Coast
Page 47 and 48: The South Atlantic Coast, 1861-1863
Page 77: The South Atlantic Coast, 1861-1863
Page 80 and 81: 60 Freedom by the Sword: The U.S. C
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62 Freedom by the Sword: The U.S. C
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SOUTH CAROLINA A R K A N S A S Sava
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100 Freedom by the Sword: The U.S.
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Chapter 5 Southern Louisiana and th
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Southern Louisiana and the Gulf Coa
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Chapter 6 The Mississippi River and
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The Mississippi River and its Tribu
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Table 1—Black Regiments Organized
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Chapter 7 Along the Mississippi Riv
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Along the Mississippi River, 1863-1
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Chapter 8 Arkansas, Indian Territor
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Arkansas, Indian Territory, and Kan
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Artists’ representations of stati
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Chapter 9 Middle Tennessee, Alabama
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Middle Tennessee, Alabama, and Geor
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Chapter 10 North Carolina and Virgi
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North Carolina and Virginia, 1861-1
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Chapter 11 Virginia, May-October 18
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Virginia, May-October 1864 337 of b
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Virginia, May-October 1864 339 Much
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Virginia, May-October 1864 341 sixt
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Virginia, May-October 1864 343 to c
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Virginia, May-October 1864 345 Disp
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Virginia, May-October 1864 347 Many
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Virginia, May-October 1864 349 some
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Virginia, May-October 1864 351 This
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Virginia, May-October 1864 353 ers
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Virginia, May-October 1864 355 not
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Virginia, May-October 1864 357 move
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Virginia, May-October 1864 359 & ba
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Virginia, May-October 1864 361 thei
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Virginia, May-October 1864 363 with
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Virginia, May-October 1864 365 The
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Virginia, May-October 1864 367 any
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Virginia, May-October 1864 369 proa
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Virginia, May-October 1864 371 ence
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Virginia, May-October 1864 373 Mary
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Virginia, May-October 1864 375 Terr
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Virginia, May-October 1864 377 rest
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Virginia, May-October 1864 379 the
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Chapter 12 Kentucky, North Carolina
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Chapter 13 South Texas, 1864-1867 W
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South Texas, 1864-1867 427 Brownsvi
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South Texas, 1864-1867 429 a year e
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South Texas, 1864-1867 431 Magruder
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South Texas, 1864-1867 433 the retr
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South Texas, 1864-1867 435 water wh
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South Texas, 1864-1867 437 cleared
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South Texas, 1864-1867 439 ther nor
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South Texas, 1864-1867 441 supposed
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South Texas, 1864-1867 443 a set of
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Table 4—General Weitzel’s Ranki
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South Texas, 1864-1867 447 way, bes
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South Texas, 1864-1867 449 Palm tre
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South Texas, 1864-1867 451 ists eva
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South Texas, 1864-1867 453 were to
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Chapter 14 Reconstruction, 1865-186
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CC uu mm bb RR erland erland ugh ep
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 459 the q
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 463 corn.
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 465 way t
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 467 The 1
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 469 us ex
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 471 ana l
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 473 gone
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Table 5—Muster-out Dates of Black
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 477 honor
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 479 thori
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 481 Carol
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 485 lesse
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 487 towns
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 489 to Cu
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 491 of bl
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 493 manne
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 495 depar
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Chapter 15 Conclusion Although the
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Conclusion 499 than twelve thousand
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Conclusion 501 Americans on the pat
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Conclusion 503 railroad constructio
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Conclusion 505 to load and fire the
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Adams, Col. Charles F., 422 Adams,
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Index 539 Brown, 1st Lt. Matthew C.
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Index 541 Fleetwood, Sgt. Maj. Chri
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Index 543 Irwin, Lt. Col. Richard B
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Index 545 Moon, Capt. Lewis, 450 Mo
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Index 547 Rickard, Capt. James H.,
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Index 549 X, 70, 345, 369-70, 373,
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Index 551 64th USCI (7th Louisiana)
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Index 553 345, 354-55, 358, 367, 36
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