Freedom by the Sword - US Army Center Of Military History

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The 1864 battles of the Wilderness and Spotsylvania Court House took place on much of the same ground that the opposing armies had fought over just one year before. Marching through the woods, Union troops encountered many grisly relics of the earlier fighting. In the spring of 1864, the Union advance on Richmond gave slaves like these in Hanover County, just north of the city, a chance at freedom.
Virginia, May–October 1864 343 to conveniently discharge vessels.” During the month, by Grant’s account, Ferrero’s division had “but little difficulty” protecting the trains. Ferrero’s reports claimed two attacks by “superior forces,” both of which his troops repelled, but Rogall dismissed both incidents as the work of guerrillas. Two men of the 23d USCI suffered wounds. “The colored troops stand everything well that we have had to go through yet,” Colonel Bates wrote. “How they will fight remains to be seen.” 11 The spring campaign was barely two weeks old on 19 May, when the Army of the Potomac finally penetrated beyond the site of its 1863 defeat. On that day, the first escaped slaves began to reach federal lines. The Union advance of 1864 did not lead to the release of hundreds of slaves at a time, as sometimes happened elsewhere in the South. The Tidewater and Piedmont counties of Virginia lacked the large plantations that characterized the cotton, rice, and sugar regions of the Confederacy. North of the Rapidan, moreover, the country had been the scene of continual fighting during the previous two years, and the bolder and more ingenious slaves had already found ways to flee bondage. In addition, many slaveholders had taken steps to remove their human property from the path of the federal army. Nevertheless, the turmoil created by the spring offensive offered the remaining black civilians another chance. Singly and in groups they made their way to the Union soldiers, often bringing intelligence of Confederate movements and troop strength that the liberating invaders found useful. Their numbers increased as the army reached the North Anna River, about twenty-five miles from Richmond. “Contraband[s] . . . flocking around us,” Captain Rogall remarked at the end of the month. 12 On 4 May, the day the Army of the Potomac crossed the Rapidan, General Butler’s troops at Fort Monroe boarded transports for the voyage toward Richmond. “Start your forces on the night of the 4th,” Grant had prompted Butler just six days earlier, “so as to be as far up the James River as you can get by daylight the morning of the 5th, and push from that time with all your might for the accomplishment of the object before you.” Despite Grant’s urging, the embarkation went slowly, especially that of the troops recently arrived from South Carolina, who did not finish loading until nearly midnight. While the newcomers struggled aboard, Hinks’ division waited. “Embarked the Division and hauled into the Stream,” Sergeant Major Fleetwood noted in his diary. “Lay there all night.” In broad daylight the next morning, the fleet’s departure resembled a regatta more than a landing force. “Crowd on all steam, and hurry up,” Butler ordered Hinks, as his own boat, the Greyhound, chugged in and out among the other vessels. Upstream, Confederates on shore counted more than seventy-five gunboats and transports in the flotilla. The transports carried about thirty thousand soldiers. Hinks’ division formed the vanguard, dropping off the 1st and 22d USCIs with four twelve-pounders of Battery B, 2d USCA, to seize Wilson’s Wharf 11 OR, ser. 1, 33: 1036, 1045; vol. 36, pt. 1, pp. 23 (“over narrow”), 986 (“superior forces”), 1070–71. Rogall Diary, 15 and 19 May 1864; D. Bates to Father, 15 May 1864, Bates Letters. 12 OR, ser. 1, vol. 36, pt. 2, pp. 541, 918–19, and pt. 3, pp. 51, 84, 100, 121, 148; Rogall Diary, 29 May 1864; Ira Berlin et al., eds., The Destruction of Slavery (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 59, 69–70, and The Wartime Genesis of Free Labor: The Upper South (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 86, 110; Lynda J. Morgan, Emancipation in Virginia’s Tobacco Belt, 1850–1870 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992), pp. 19–22, 111–12; Steven E. Tripp, Yankee Town, Southern City: Race and Class Relations in Civil War Lynchburg (New York: New York University Press, 1997), pp. 144–45.
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FREEDOM BY THE SWORD THE U.S. COLOR
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ARMY HISTORICAL SERIES FREEDOM BY T
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ARMY HISTORICAL SERIES Reina J. Pen
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No. Page 4. Along the Mississippi R
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x Page Swampy woods near Petersburg
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The Author William A. Dobak receive
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off-duty behavior, a book about bla
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Daoust, and John G. Saint, descenda
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Chapter 1 Mustering In—Federal Po
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Mustering In—Federal Policy on Em
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Chapter 2 The South Atlantic Coast
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The South Atlantic Coast, 1861-1863
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60 Freedom by the Sword: The U.S. C
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SOUTH CAROLINA A R K A N S A S Sava
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100 Freedom by the Sword: The U.S.
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Chapter 5 Southern Louisiana and th
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Southern Louisiana and the Gulf Coa
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Chapter 6 The Mississippi River and
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The Mississippi River and its Tribu
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Table 1—Black Regiments Organized
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Chapter 7 Along the Mississippi Riv
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Along the Mississippi River, 1863-1
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Chapter 8 Arkansas, Indian Territor
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Arkansas, Indian Territory, and Kan
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Chapter 9 Middle Tennessee, Alabama
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Middle Tennessee, Alabama, and Geor
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Chapter 13 South Texas, 1864-1867 W
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South Texas, 1864-1867 427 Brownsvi
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South Texas, 1864-1867 429 a year e
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South Texas, 1864-1867 433 the retr
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South Texas, 1864-1867 435 water wh
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South Texas, 1864-1867 437 cleared
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South Texas, 1864-1867 439 ther nor
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South Texas, 1864-1867 441 supposed
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South Texas, 1864-1867 443 a set of
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Table 4—General Weitzel’s Ranki
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South Texas, 1864-1867 447 way, bes
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South Texas, 1864-1867 449 Palm tre
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Chapter 14 Reconstruction, 1865-186
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 477 honor
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 495 depar
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Chapter 15 Conclusion Although the
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Conclusion 499 than twelve thousand
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Conclusion 501 Americans on the pat
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Conclusion 503 railroad constructio
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Index 539 Brown, 1st Lt. Matthew C.
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Index 541 Fleetwood, Sgt. Maj. Chri
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Index 543 Irwin, Lt. Col. Richard B
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Index 545 Moon, Capt. Lewis, 450 Mo
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Index 547 Rickard, Capt. James H.,
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Index 549 X, 70, 345, 369-70, 373,
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Index 551 64th USCI (7th Louisiana)
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Index 553 345, 354-55, 358, 367, 36
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Freedom by the Sword - US Army Center Of Military History

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