Freedom by the Sword - US Army Center Of Military History

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An artist imagines the destruction of the shantytown near Fort Pickering where dependents and hangers-on of the 3d U.S. Colored Artillery lived. The Memphis Riot began hours after the regiment mustered out, 30 April 1866. It was one of several similar occurrences—white-on-black violence with a lopsided casualty list—that occurred in the former Confederacy that spring and summer.
Reconstruction, 1865–1867 493 manned coastal forts in North Carolina. Only five of the regiments that remained in the former Confederate states had much to do with enforcement of Reconstruction policies: the 56th USCI, headquartered at Helena, Arkansas; the 65th, at Lake Providence in northeastern Louisiana; the 80th, at towns along the Red River in western Louisiana and northeastern Texas; the 82d, at Pensacola; and the 128th, in South Carolina. 80 The presence of black regiments as far west as New Mexico resulted from General Grant’s wish, expressed to General Sherman early in 1866, “to get some colored troops out on the plains.” White volunteers, many of them from western states and territories, had manned forts along major routes to California, New Mexico, and Oregon for most of the war, and they brought with them their local attitudes toward American Indians. Colorado militia had attacked a village of peaceful Cheyennes in 1864, igniting more than two years of warfare. Grant hoped that “colored and regular troops,” with no special axe to grind, could guarantee “the rights of the Indian . . . [so] as to avoid much of the difficulties . . . heretofore experienced.” As it turned out, only two black regiments were available for assignment, and they served in New Mexico at a time when it was one of the quietest parts of the West. Scattered companies of the regiments undertook repairs on the forts where they served and sometimes pursued Indian stock thieves. In this, they were no more successful than the black infantry regiments on the lower Rio Grande or infantry in the South chasing mounted white terrorists. 81 Early in the summer of 1866, two noteworthy events occurred in Washington. On 3 July, General Howard wrote to General Grant from Freedmen’s Bureau headquarters in Washington, mentioning three shootings of Bureau officers and freedmen that had occurred recently in Georgia, Mississippi, and Virginia. “The civil authorities have failed, and are afraid to act,” Howard told Grant. “The simple issuing of an order . . . would go far to prevent these attacks upon officers of the Government.” Three days later, Grant issued a general order that authorized “Department, District and Post Commanders” in the South to arrest and detain anyone charged with “offenses against officers, agents . . . and inhabitants of the United States, irrespective of color,” when civil authorities failed to act. Army officers were to hold the prisoners “until . . . a proper judicial tribunal may be ready and willing to try them.” The legal status of the occupation force in the South had been ambiguous since the president had declared the rebellion at an end in April. Grant’s language left the execution of the order to the judgment of local commanders and did little to clarify the situation while exposing Army officers to endless civil law- 80 Dyer, Compendium, pp. 1720–40; see also order books and letter books of regiments named in Regimental Books, RG 94, NA. 81 Lt Gen U. S. Grant to Maj Gen W. T. Sherman, 3 Mar 1866, in The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, ed. John Y. Simon, 30 vols. to date (Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1967– ), 16: 93 (“to get some”) (hereafter cited as Grant Papers); Lt Gen U. S. Grant to Maj Gen W. T. Sherman, 14 Mar 1866, in Grant Papers, 16: 117 (“colored and”). For black soldiers in the field in New Mexico, see Capt G. W. Letterman to Post Adj Ft Cummings, 5 Oct 1866, and Capt R. B. Foutts to Maj C. H. De Forrest, 24 Nov 1866, 125th USCI, Entry 57C, RG 94, NA. Francis B. Heitman, Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army, 2 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1903), 2: 427–30, shows only six engagements in New Mexico during the time the 57th and 125th USCIs served there.
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FREEDOM BY THE SWORD THE U.S. COLOR
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ARMY HISTORICAL SERIES FREEDOM BY T
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ARMY HISTORICAL SERIES Reina J. Pen
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No. Page 4. Along the Mississippi R
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x Page Swampy woods near Petersburg
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The Author William A. Dobak receive
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off-duty behavior, a book about bla
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Daoust, and John G. Saint, descenda
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Chapter 1 Mustering In—Federal Po
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Mustering In—Federal Policy on Em
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Chapter 2 The South Atlantic Coast
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The South Atlantic Coast, 1861-1863
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60 Freedom by the Sword: The U.S. C
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SOUTH CAROLINA A R K A N S A S Sava
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100 Freedom by the Sword: The U.S.
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Chapter 5 Southern Louisiana and th
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Southern Louisiana and the Gulf Coa
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Chapter 6 The Mississippi River and
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The Mississippi River and its Tribu
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Table 1—Black Regiments Organized
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Chapter 7 Along the Mississippi Riv
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Along the Mississippi River, 1863-1
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Chapter 8 Arkansas, Indian Territor
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Arkansas, Indian Territory, and Kan
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Chapter 9 Middle Tennessee, Alabama
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Middle Tennessee, Alabama, and Geor
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Chapter 10 North Carolina and Virgi
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North Carolina and Virginia, 1861-1
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Chapter 11 Virginia, May-October 18
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Virginia, May-October 1864 337 of b
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Virginia, May-October 1864 339 Much
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Virginia, May-October 1864 341 sixt
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Virginia, May-October 1864 343 to c
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Virginia, May-October 1864 345 Disp
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Virginia, May-October 1864 353 ers
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Virginia, May-October 1864 369 proa
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Virginia, May-October 1864 371 ence
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Virginia, May-October 1864 373 Mary
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Chapter 12 Kentucky, North Carolina
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Chapter 13 South Texas, 1864-1867 W
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South Texas, 1864-1867 427 Brownsvi
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South Texas, 1864-1867 429 a year e
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South Texas, 1864-1867 431 Magruder
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South Texas, 1864-1867 433 the retr
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South Texas, 1864-1867 435 water wh
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South Texas, 1864-1867 437 cleared
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Index 547 Rickard, Capt. James H.,
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Index 551 64th USCI (7th Louisiana)
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Index 553 345, 354-55, 358, 367, 36
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