Freedom by the Sword - US Army Center Of Military History

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Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks’ army built the Red River Dam to allow the Union flotilla to escape downstream while his land force retreated. Alexandria was the largest river port in central Louisiana.
Southern Louisiana and the Gulf Coast, 1863–1865 127 The resulting system of dams more than doubled the depth of the river. By 13 May, all ten gunboats were below the rapids and steaming downstream in deep water. Col. George D. Robinson of the 3d Corps d’Afrique Engineers boasted that his regiment and the 5th were “regarded as a complete success by all who have witnessed their operations.” 11 The expedition continued down the Red River, headed for Simmesport on the Atchafalaya. On 17 May, a few miles from there, three hundred Confederate cavalrymen attacked the wagon train and its Corps d’Afrique guard as it passed through some woods. The 22d Corps d’Afrique Infantry stepped out of the road, faced the attackers, and began firing. Company E’s 1st Sgt. Antoine Davis got close enough to the enemy to receive a fatal pistol shot in the chest. After an hour and a half of skirmishing, the Confederates withdrew, leaving nine dead on the field. The 22d lost twelve men killed, wounded, and missing. “This was the first time this regiment, as a whole, had been engaged with the enemy,” the regiment’s commanding officer wrote, “and I must say that their conduct was as good as that of any new troops.” He complained that his regiment’s .69-caliber smoothbore muskets were “of very inferior and defective quality, many of them becoming useless at the first fire.” Despite their faulty weapons, the men of the 22d managed to repel the attack, and the brigade commander praised their “utmost coolness. . . . No one who witnessed their conduct on this occasion can doubt that it is perfectly safe to trust colored troops in action, and depend upon their doing their full share of the fighting.” 12 Later that day, Banks’ army began to arrive in Simmesport. His expedition had been a failure, expensive in casualties, time, and opportunities lost in other theaters of operations. In Virginia, the newly promoted Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, commander of all Union armies, was exasperated. His special emissary to Banks’ command, Maj. Gen. David Hunter, described the Department of the Gulf as “one great mass of corruption. Cotton and politics, instead of the war, appear to have engrossed the army,” and added that the troops had no confidence in Banks. 13 On 18 May, Maj. Gen. Edward R. S. Canby reached Simmesport. He headed a specially created geographical command, the Military Division of West Mississippi, which included both the Department of the Gulf and the Department of Arkansas. This was a way Grant and Halleck had devised to remove Banks the hapless general from field operations without alienating Banks the politician, who still had powerful friends in the Lincoln administration. Canby was a West Point graduate with two Mexican War brevets who had jumped from first lieutenant to major when the Army expanded in 1855 and from major to full colonel in one of the new regular infantry regiments in May 1861, becoming the only officer in the Army to receive successive two-grade promotions. He commanded Union troops in New Mexico in 1862, turning back a Confederate attack there, and in New York City after the draft riots the next year. His immediate concern in Louisiana was to resupply the troops and position them advantageously. Banks, 11 OR, ser. 1, vol. 34, pt. 1, pp. 25, 253 (“regarded as”), 256, 402–03; ORN, ser. 1, 26: 130 (“The water,” “Trees were”), 132. 12 OR, ser. 1, vol. 34, pt. 1, pp. 443 (“utmost coolness”), 444 (“of very,” “This was”). 13 OR, ser. 1, vol. 34, pt. 1, p. 390.
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FREEDOM BY THE SWORD THE U.S. COLOR
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ARMY HISTORICAL SERIES FREEDOM BY T
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ARMY HISTORICAL SERIES Reina J. Pen
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No. Page 4. Along the Mississippi R
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x Page Swampy woods near Petersburg
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The Author William A. Dobak receive
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off-duty behavior, a book about bla
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Daoust, and John G. Saint, descenda
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Chapter 1 Mustering In—Federal Po
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Mustering In—Federal Policy on Em
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Chapter 2 The South Atlantic Coast
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The South Atlantic Coast, 1861-1863
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60 Freedom by the Sword: The U.S. C
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The Mississippi River and its Tribu
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Table 1—Black Regiments Organized
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Chapter 7 Along the Mississippi Riv
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Along the Mississippi River, 1863-1
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Chapter 8 Arkansas, Indian Territor
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Artists’ representations of stati
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Chapter 9 Middle Tennessee, Alabama
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Chapter 10 North Carolina and Virgi
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North Carolina and Virginia, 1861-1
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Chapter 11 Virginia, May-October 18
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Virginia, May-October 1864 337 of b
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Virginia, May-October 1864 339 Much
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Virginia, May-October 1864 341 sixt
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Virginia, May-October 1864 343 to c
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Virginia, May-October 1864 347 Many
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Chapter 12 Kentucky, North Carolina
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Chapter 13 South Texas, 1864-1867 W
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South Texas, 1864-1867 427 Brownsvi
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South Texas, 1864-1867 429 a year e
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South Texas, 1864-1867 441 supposed
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South Texas, 1864-1867 443 a set of
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South Texas, 1864-1867 449 Palm tre
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Chapter 14 Reconstruction, 1865-186
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Chapter 15 Conclusion Although the
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Conclusion 499 than twelve thousand
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Conclusion 501 Americans on the pat
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Conclusion 503 railroad constructio
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508 Freedom by the Sword: The U.S.
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Adams, Col. Charles F., 422 Adams,
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Index 539 Brown, 1st Lt. Matthew C.
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Index 547 Rickard, Capt. James H.,
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Index 549 X, 70, 345, 369-70, 373,
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Index 551 64th USCI (7th Louisiana)
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