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ARKANSAS Pearl R M ississippi R Fort Pillow Memphis Macon Canton L O U I S I A N A MISSOURI La Fayette Grenada Hickman Big Black R ILLINOIS Cairo Paducah Moscow Columbus Holly Springs Oxford La Grange M I S S I S S I P P I Union City Jackson Corinth Pascagoula Okolona Meridian Fort Henry Tennessee R Aberdeen Columbus Ti m bigby R Mobile R Fort Donelson Reynoldsburg Johnsonville D u c k R Alabama R Clarksville Kingston Springs Columbia H a rpeth R P ickwick Landing S ulphur Branch Trestle Mobile TENNESSEE AND ALABAMA 1861–1865 Map 6 0 25 50 75 Miles Florence Tuscumbia Tuscaloosa Selma Bowling Green E lk R Decatur Black Warrior R Pensacola Franklin Pulaski Athens Gallatin NASHVILLE T E N N E S S E E La Vergne Murfreesborough Shelbyville Huntsville A L A B A M A Co osa R Stevenson Cumberland R Bridgeport Gadsden MONTGOMERY K E N T U C K Y Wolf R S e quatchie R Tunnel Hill B uzzard Roost Kingston Sparta Pikeville Villanow Rome F L O R I D A Te n n essee R Chattanooga Appalachicola R Dalton Resaca Calhoun Atlanta Columbus Flint R Knoxville G E O R G I A Flint R TALLAHASSEE
Chapter 9 Middle Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia, 1863–1865 While Union troops along the Mississippi River struggled toward Vicksburg in the spring of 1863, Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans’ Army of the Cumberland faced a major Confederate force in central Tennessee. Rosecrans’ troops had fought their opponents to a standstill near Murfreesborough at the beginning of January and in late June began to push them southeast toward Chattanooga. The federal base of supplies for this advance would be Nashville, on the Cumberland River in the north-central part of the state. The Cumberland was an uncertain and seasonal route for freight, open only from early February to late May, with 40 percent of shipments arriving in March. Neither was the Louisville and Nashville Railroad entirely reliable. Confederate cavalry ranging through Kentucky’s Bluegrass Region had attacked the line several times in 1862 and 1863 while the main armies contended in Tennessee, far to the south. 1 The way out of this dilemma was to open a second railroad to connect Nashville with the Tennessee River, seventy-eight miles to the west. There were no obstacles to navigation on the lower Tennessee, which flowed north through the state from Pickwick Landing near the Alabama line, crossed into Kentucky, and emptied into the Ohio River above Paducah. A partly completed rail line already stretched twenty miles west of Nashville. Begun in 1859 by laying track west from the city and east from Hickman, Kentucky, on the Mississippi River, the Nashville and Northwestern Railroad was only half finished when Tennessee seceded. When the eastern half of the line reached the Tennessee River port of Reynoldsburg, steamboats could unload cargo there for shipment through Nashville to the Union’s field armies (see Map 6). 2 Completion of the railroad as far as the Tennessee River would depend largely on the men of two new black regiments raised by the military governor, Andrew Johnson. In April 1863, Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton issued instructions 1 The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 70 vols. in 128 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1880–1901), ser. 1, vol. 16, pt. 1, pp. 871–82, 884–87, 892–900, 906–52, 959–89, 1016–18, 1021–1162; vol. 20, pt. 1, p. 980; vol. 23, pt. 1, pp. 50–59, 165–75, 215–21, 381–84, 632–818, 828–43; vol. 52, pt. 1, p. 681 (hereafter cited as OR). Report of the Secretary of War for 1865, 38th Cong., 1st sess., H. Ex. Doc. 1, vol. 3, pt. 1, no. 1 (serial 1,249), pp. 218, 595; Maury Klein, History of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad (New York: Macmillan, 1972), pp. 30–36. 2 J. Haden Alldredge, “A History of Navigation on the Tennessee River System,” 75th Cong., 1st sess., H. Doc. 254 (serial 10,119), pp. 4–7.
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FREEDOM BY THE SWORD THE U.S. COLOR
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ARMY HISTORICAL SERIES FREEDOM BY T
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ARMY HISTORICAL SERIES Reina J. Pen
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No. Page 4. Along the Mississippi R
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x Page Swampy woods near Petersburg
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The Author William A. Dobak receive
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off-duty behavior, a book about bla
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Daoust, and John G. Saint, descenda
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Chapter 1 Mustering In—Federal Po
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Mustering In—Federal Policy on Em
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Chapter 2 The South Atlantic Coast
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The South Atlantic Coast, 1861-1863
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60 Freedom by the Sword: The U.S. C
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SOUTH CAROLINA A R K A N S A S Sava
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100 Freedom by the Sword: The U.S.
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Chapter 5 Southern Louisiana and th
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Southern Louisiana and the Gulf Coa
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Chapter 6 The Mississippi River and
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The Mississippi River and its Tribu
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Table 1—Black Regiments Organized
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Chapter 7 Along the Mississippi Riv
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Along the Mississippi River, 1863-1
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North Carolina and Virginia, 1861-1
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Chapter 11 Virginia, May-October 18
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Virginia, May-October 1864 337 of b
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Virginia, May-October 1864 339 Much
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Virginia, May-October 1864 341 sixt
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Virginia, May-October 1864 343 to c
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Virginia, May-October 1864 345 Disp
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Virginia, May-October 1864 347 Many
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Virginia, May-October 1864 349 some
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Virginia, May-October 1864 351 This
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Virginia, May-October 1864 353 ers
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Virginia, May-October 1864 355 not
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Virginia, May-October 1864 357 move
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Virginia, May-October 1864 359 & ba
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Virginia, May-October 1864 361 thei
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Virginia, May-October 1864 363 with
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Virginia, May-October 1864 365 The
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Virginia, May-October 1864 367 any
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Virginia, May-October 1864 369 proa
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Virginia, May-October 1864 371 ence
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Virginia, May-October 1864 373 Mary
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Virginia, May-October 1864 375 Terr
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Virginia, May-October 1864 377 rest
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Virginia, May-October 1864 379 the
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Chapter 12 Kentucky, North Carolina
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Kentucky, North Carolina, and Virgi
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Chapter 13 South Texas, 1864-1867 W
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South Texas, 1864-1867 427 Brownsvi
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South Texas, 1864-1867 429 a year e
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South Texas, 1864-1867 431 Magruder
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South Texas, 1864-1867 433 the retr
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South Texas, 1864-1867 435 water wh
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South Texas, 1864-1867 437 cleared
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South Texas, 1864-1867 439 ther nor
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South Texas, 1864-1867 441 supposed
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South Texas, 1864-1867 443 a set of
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Table 4—General Weitzel’s Ranki
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South Texas, 1864-1867 447 way, bes
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South Texas, 1864-1867 449 Palm tre
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South Texas, 1864-1867 453 were to
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Chapter 14 Reconstruction, 1865-186
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CC uu mm bb RR erland erland ugh ep
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 459 the q
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 463 corn.
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 467 The 1
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 469 us ex
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 471 ana l
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 473 gone
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Table 5—Muster-out Dates of Black
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 477 honor
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 479 thori
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 495 depar
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Chapter 15 Conclusion Although the
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Conclusion 499 than twelve thousand
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Conclusion 501 Americans on the pat
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Conclusion 503 railroad constructio
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Conclusion 505 to load and fire the
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Adams, Col. Charles F., 422 Adams,
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Index 539 Brown, 1st Lt. Matthew C.
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Index 541 Fleetwood, Sgt. Maj. Chri
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Index 543 Irwin, Lt. Col. Richard B
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Index 545 Moon, Capt. Lewis, 450 Mo
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Index 547 Rickard, Capt. James H.,
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Index 549 X, 70, 345, 369-70, 373,
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Index 551 64th USCI (7th Louisiana)
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Index 553 345, 354-55, 358, 367, 36
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