Freedom by the Sword - US Army Center Of Military History

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The Author William A. Dobak received his Ph.D. from the University of Kansas in American studies in 1995. His published dissertation, Fort Riley and Its Neighbors: Military Money and Economic Growth, 1853–1895 (1998), won the Edward A. Tihen Award from the Kansas State Historical Society in 1999. After receiving his degree, Dobak joined the staff at the National Archives. While there, he and coauthor Thomas D. Phillips worked on The Black Regulars, 1866–1898 (2001). This work received the Western History Association’s Robert M. Utley Award for 2003 as the best book on the military history of the frontier and western North America. In 2002, he joined the staff of the U.S. Army Center of Military History. In 2003, he began work on Freedom by the Sword: The U.S. Colored Troops, 1862–1867. Since completing the manuscript, he has retired from federal service and is now engaged in several other historical projects. xii
Preface Edward L. Pierce was a special agent of the United States Treasury Department, appointed in 1862 to supervise the federal government’s attempt at plantation management on the South Carolina Sea Islands. The aim of this project was to grow and market cotton to help defray the cost of waging the Civil War. Just as important in the eyes of the occupiers was the need to organize and regulate the labor of the local population, former slaves whose masters had fled the islands at the approach of a Union naval and military expedition the previous fall. After a year on the job, Pierce published his reflections in a magazine article. “Two questions are concerned in the social problem of our time,” he wrote. “One is, Will the people of African descent work for a living? and the other is, Will they fight for their freedom?” By the end of the article, Pierce had answered both questions in the affirmative. 1 That anyone in 1863 would have asked “Will they fight for their freedom?” shows how thoroughly white Americans had forgotten the service of black soldiers during the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. Much the same thing happened after 1865. Although more than two hundred thousand black men served the Union as soldiers and sailors, and three contemporary black authors published books about them, the fact that black Americans had fought for the nation slipped once again from the public consciousness. Thus, by 1928 a biographer of Ulysses S. Grant could write: “The American negroes are the only people in the history of the world, so far as I know, that ever became free without any effort of their own.” In the twenty-five years that followed, two historians devoted chapters of larger works to the black military role in the Civil War, but not until Dudley T. Cornish’s The Sable Arm appeared in 1956 did the U.S. Colored Troops receive book-length treatment. 2 Since then, historians have paid more attention to black troops’ service. James M. McPherson’s The Negro’s Civil War (1965) and the massive documentary collection compiled by Ira Berlin and his colleagues, The Black Military Experience (1982), preceded Joseph T. Glatthaar’s Forged in Battle (1990). The years since 1998 have seen the publication of a battle narrative, a study of the Colored Troops’ 1 Edward L. Pierce, “The Freedmen at Port Royal,” Atlantic Monthly 12 (September 1863): 291–315 (quotation, p. 291). 2 Bernard C. Nalty, Strength for the Fight: A History of Black Americans in the Military, pp. 10–26, gives a brief account of America’s black soldiers from 1775 to 1815. The three books by nineteenth-century black authors are William W. Brown, The Negro in the American Rebellion (1867); George W. Williams, A History of the Negro Troops in the War of the Rebellion, 1861–1865 (1888); and Joseph T. Wilson, The Black Phalanx (1890). Bell I. Wiley, Southern Negroes, 1861– 1865 (1938), and Benjamin Quarles, The Negro in the Civil War (1953), preceded Dudley T. Cornish, The Sable Arm: Negro Troops in the Union Army, 1861–1865. William E. Woodward, Meet General Grant (1928), p. 372 (quotation). David W. Blight’s Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory examines the process by which white Americans deleted black participation in the war from the national narrative. See Bibliography for full citations. xiii
Page 3 and 4: FREEDOM BY THE SWORD THE U.S. COLOR
Page 5 and 6: ARMY HISTORICAL SERIES FREEDOM BY T
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The South Atlantic Coast, 1861-1863
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60 Freedom by the Sword: The U.S. C
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SOUTH CAROLINA A R K A N S A S Sava
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Chapter 5 Southern Louisiana and th
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Chapter 6 The Mississippi River and
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The Mississippi River and its Tribu
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Table 1—Black Regiments Organized
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Chapter 7 Along the Mississippi Riv
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Along the Mississippi River, 1863-1
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Chapter 8 Arkansas, Indian Territor
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Artists’ representations of stati
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Chapter 9 Middle Tennessee, Alabama
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Chapter 10 North Carolina and Virgi
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North Carolina and Virginia, 1861-1
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Chapter 11 Virginia, May-October 18
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Chapter 12 Kentucky, North Carolina
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Chapter 13 South Texas, 1864-1867 W
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South Texas, 1864-1867 427 Brownsvi
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South Texas, 1864-1867 429 a year e
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South Texas, 1864-1867 439 ther nor
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South Texas, 1864-1867 443 a set of
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Table 4—General Weitzel’s Ranki
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Chapter 14 Reconstruction, 1865-186
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Reconstruction, 1865-1867 473 gone
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Chapter 15 Conclusion Although the
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Conclusion 499 than twelve thousand
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Conclusion 501 Americans on the pat
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Adams, Col. Charles F., 422 Adams,
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Index 539 Brown, 1st Lt. Matthew C.
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Index 547 Rickard, Capt. James H.,
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Index 549 X, 70, 345, 369-70, 373,
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Index 551 64th USCI (7th Louisiana)
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Index 553 345, 354-55, 358, 367, 36
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Freedom by the Sword - US Army Center Of Military History

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