Freedom by the Sword - US Army Center Of Military History

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402 Freedom by the Sword: The U.S. Colored Troops, 1862–1867 Table 2—XXV Corps Order of Battle, 3 December 1864 XXV Corps (Maj. Gen. Godfrey Weitzel) 1st Division (Brig. Gen. Charles J. Paine) 1st Brigade (Bvt. Brig. Gen. Delavan Bates)—1st, 27th, and 30th USCIs 2d Brigade (Col. John W. Ames)—4th, 6th, and 39th USCIs 3d Brigade (Col. Elias Wright)—5th, 10th, 37th, and 107th USCIs 2d Division (Brig. Gen. William Birney) 1st Brigade (Bvt. Brig. Gen. Charles S. Russell)—7th, 109th, 116th, and 117th USCIs 2d Brigade (Col. Ulysses Doubleday)—8th, 45th (six companies), and 127th USCIs 3d Brigade (Col. Henry C. Ward)—28th, 29th, and 31st USCIs 3d Division (Brig. Gen. Edward A. Wild) 1st Brigade (Bvt. Brig. Gen. Alonzo G. Draper)—22d, 36th, 38th, and 118th USCIs 2d Brigade (Col. Edward Martindale)—29th Connecticut; 9th and 41st USCIs 3d Brigade (Brig. Gen. Henry G. Thomas)—19th, 23d, and 43d USCIs USCC = United States Colored Cavalry; USCI = United States Colored Infantry. Note: The 2d USCC was in the corps but not assigned to a brigade; the ten artillery batteries in the XXV Corps were white. Companies of the 1st USCC and Battery B, 2d U.S. Colored Artillery, were at Newport News, Norfolk, Portsmouth, and posts along the James River. Source: The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 70 vols. in 128 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1880– 1901), ser. 1, vol. 42, pt. 3, pp. 791, 1126–29 (hereafter cited as OR). they will have credit for all they do.” A major general leading an entire corps of black soldiers could keep them from being assigned chores that would fall to civilian employees of the Quartermaster Department. A commander of a single black regiment in an otherwise all-white brigade could offer his men no such protection. 54 While the troops were moving to new camps and becoming acquainted, Grant wrote to Butler, urging the importance of the move against Wilmington. The last week of November brought news, via Augusta and Savannah newspapers, that the Confederate General Braxton Bragg had left Wilmington to oppose Sherman’s march through Georgia. Bragg had taken with him “most of 54 D. Bates to Father, 20 Nov 1864, Bates Letters.
Kentucky, North Carolina, and Virginia, 1864–1865 403 the troops” in garrison there, Grant told Butler. Four days later, he expressed “great anxiety to see the Wilmington expedition off.” 55 One element remained to be added to the campaign: Butler himself decided to go along. In January 1865, he testified before the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War that he did not trust Weitzel because of his youth. The 29-year-old West Point graduate had led brigades and divisions in the field for two years; Butler had spent half of that period at home, between his administrative commands in Louisiana and Virginia, awaiting assignment. Although Butler’s attempt to direct the work of another field commander, Maj. Gen. William F. Smith, on the James River earlier that year had ended badly, Grant approved the arrangement and Butler accompanied the expedition to Wilmington. Grant testified later that he had “never dreamed of [Butler’s] going” until the expedition was under way; he had merely transmitted orders to Weitzel through Butler as the senior general commanding the geographical department where the younger man was to operate. 56 Although Butler and the senior naval officer in the region, Rear Adm. David D. Porter, had grown to detest each other during their service in Louisiana two years earlier, both men saw the end of the war approaching and wanted to finish their roles in it with a resounding victory. Butler directed Weitzel to tell General Paine of the XXV Corps and one division commander from the XXIV Corps to “select their best men” for a force of 6,500 infantry, 50 cavalry, and 2 batteries of artillery. For Paine’s all-black division, this meant leaving behind 25 percent of its strength, the least fit of its one hundred sixty officers and forty-one hundred men. While their leaders tried to complete arrangements, the chosen troops boarded transports at Bermuda Hundred on 8 December. The next day, they floated downstream to Fort Monroe, where they waited. By 14 December, when the expedition finally steamed south, knowledge of its destination had spread throughout the fleet. “The other vessels . . . with their designating lights of blue and white flashing and dancing with the modulations of the waves, formed a beautiful scene,” 1st Lt. Joseph J. Scroggs of the 5th USCI observed. “Plenty of pitch but not sick,” Sergeant Major Fleetwood recorded in his diary. He, Scroggs, and about thirty-two hundred other members of Paine’s division stayed aboard ship for the next eleven days. 57 The troops waited at sea while Butler, the amateur general, carried out a pet scheme. He planned to destroy Fort Fisher with an enormous explosive charge, seventy-five times the size of the one used at Petersburg in July. Instead of tunneling under the Confederate works, he hoped to use a condemned vessel to float three hundred tons of powder within half a mile of the fort. After the explosion, his troops would walk into the ruins and accept the surrender of any survivors. As it turned out, the charge failed to detonate properly on 23 December and did no damage to Fort Fisher. Grant afterward derided the idea, referring to it as “the gunpowder plot,” after the failed seventeenth-century 55 OR, ser. 1, vol. 42, pt. 3, pp. 760 (“most of the”), 799 (“great anxiety”). 56 Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 9 vols. (Wilmington, N.C.: Broadfoot Publishing, 1998) [1863–1865], 5: 11, 52 (quotation). 57 OR, ser. 1, vol. 42, pt. 3, p. 837 (“select their”); 3d Div, XVIII Corps, Field Return, 4 Dec 1864, Entry 1659, pt. 2, RG 393, NA; J. J. Scroggs Diary, 8 and 14 (quotation) Dec 1864, MHI; Fleetwood Diary; Chester G. Hearn, Admiral David Dixon Porter (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1996), pp. 116–17, 274; Hans L. Trefousse, Ben Butler: The South Called Him Beast! (New York: Twayne, 1957), pp. 124, 170.
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FREEDOM BY THE SWORD THE U.S. COLOR
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ARMY HISTORICAL SERIES FREEDOM BY T
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ARMY HISTORICAL SERIES Reina J. Pen
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No. Page 4. Along the Mississippi R
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x Page Swampy woods near Petersburg
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The Author William A. Dobak receive
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off-duty behavior, a book about bla
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Daoust, and John G. Saint, descenda
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Chapter 1 Mustering In—Federal Po
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Mustering In—Federal Policy on Em
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Chapter 2 The South Atlantic Coast
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The South Atlantic Coast, 1861-1863
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100 Freedom by the Sword: The U.S.
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Chapter 5 Southern Louisiana and th
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Southern Louisiana and the Gulf Coa
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Chapter 6 The Mississippi River and
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The Mississippi River and its Tribu
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Table 1—Black Regiments Organized
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Chapter 7 Along the Mississippi Riv
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Along the Mississippi River, 1863-1
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Chapter 8 Arkansas, Indian Territor
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Chapter 9 Middle Tennessee, Alabama
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Chapter 10 North Carolina and Virgi
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North Carolina and Virginia, 1861-1
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Chapter 11 Virginia, May-October 18
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Virginia, May-October 1864 337 of b
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Virginia, May-October 1864 343 to c
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Chapter 14 Reconstruction, 1865-186
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Chapter 15 Conclusion Although the
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Conclusion 499 than twelve thousand
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Index 539 Brown, 1st Lt. Matthew C.
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Index 551 64th USCI (7th Louisiana)
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