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3. IAUWCUU SVSTEM SELECTION CRUQTXOA
~lhcsats can ci:hcr Prc launched on dcmmt!. Inunchcd on
schcdulc m primary p~ybdls. or launchd rs payloads of
c.ppcwlunity(auxiliav payloads f l t w pir?Jkcfr on WpJlilrly
schcdulcd flinhts) 'I'hc timat mission ntccnohc iswc ofsatisf'yina
lnunch system dmitp rcquircmcntq thnt TIQY pwibly
haw not h n satisrid or cmphasi7cd in Ihr p-ct. 'hditionnl
launch otvj minilc sptcm dcsign driwm con h roughly
divided into sin ~atcgorics: (a) p.rform?nuc. (h)c.t.
(c) optmhility. (d) launch rc\pnnsiwms. (c) lwirrh Ikqibility,
and (0 surviwohility. l'hc mcfnhn of k, tu;cc major
I;lmilia of mninlinc LIS cxpcniliihk lnurrrh whirlcs; Atlm.
Iklta. ond 'litnn, an: cxamplcs of pcr?orinnncr4rtvn
dcsigns. 'I% IIS Spmx: Shuttlc MIS plenncd 111 tw a
aat-tlrivcn sytcm hat. in wmmon wih nll lrriinch sptcms
dcvctopcd up to thc prcscnt. did not ncliicm ita p 1 1 of Icw-
alst G~XS In sp.~. Ihc IJS MvanarP inrinch Sptcm
(AIS), now rcplaccd by thc NIS. U;LY a)mx.ivcd IH king
both an qlcmhility-drivcn rind A uwdriwFc0 sptcm. 'I'hc
solid pnlpcllant ballistic miwiks.such iu t k US Minutcmnn
111 (IWM-91Q arc cxamplcs of launch rcsprinsivcncssilrivcrn
systcms and thcrcforc nny spacc lnirnch dcriv:itiw!i of balla-
tic missiks will inhcrit this dcsian chnrrctcrbtic l'hc
i,ir-mobilc sptcms. such as thc US Pcgwiis and tlw prnpmd
Commontwalth of Indtpcdcnt Statcs (CIS) Spacc ClipFr.
rcpmcnt sptcms that pmvidc thc lriunch hihilily to sclcct
a hcncficial Imlion for a specific mission a d an all-azimuth
launch capahility.
Survivability b an additional dcsign drivcr that hm histori.
blly bccn of importancc to wapnn dcliwry sptcms. At
prcscnt. survivability docs not +;car to be impironnt to txsat
!aunch systems. but this factor could kmme more importtnt
in thc futurc as morc dcvclnping nations gain ~CCCM to
sophis!icatcd olfcnsivc wapm.
4. REQUDREMENTS
4.1 Mixshms
The ovcrall tncsnt mission is chnmctcri7rc9 hy the nc:d to
dugmcnt capital spacc i~ucts during times ofcritis: the nccd
10 surgc at thc outhrcnk of a major conflict: nnd thc nccd to
rccnnstitutc spacc srtcms that haw brcn damngcd or
clcstroycd. ~;icsais satisfy a military nccd to providc spa=
!iystcms that arc dctlicatcd to support tactical a)mma!&rs
without inflictirg a hcavy logistic end adminktrntivc rckponsibility.
Ideally. thc battkcommandcn rpecd theoperational
control to task wtcllitcs as thcir own awto to ensure dircct
and timely access to mal-time data and inPomation from
spacc. Uw of thc spna: systcms should be on intrinsic part of
nwtinc pacctinic military training mmi?cs and not
brought into play only to rcspnd to an Wunl mrr-fighting
emcrgcncy.
It iswcn from Tablc 1 that thc orbits lor thc various missions
fa11 into two gcncriil catcpics: (a) gccnynchronous (GEO)
or highly clliptic for u)ntinuous covcriigc missions; and
(h) lcw carth orbit ([.EO) sun-synchronous for all inclinations
(to covcr any ptcntinl target arca) for Earth surwillancc
mbions. ~f~gh~lt~ludcsatcll~tcswr~uld probnhlybc
stnrcd on orhit prior to hostilitics. An attcmpt is made to
quantify launch rcsponsiwncss rcquircrncnts. Satcllitc
wights arc R;lred on wty prcliminaty tacsat dcsigns, and
shwkl in no way be considcrcd firm rcquircmcnts.
4.2 Constallotions
Taat mnstcllations can rangc from singlc satcllitcs to cornpkrx
multiple setcllitc global cnnstcllations. such RS an
9 rirliu m -1 ikc globa I mm m u nicat ions mnstc I kit ion t hot
includes nsatcllitcs in 7orbital plancs. Sincc thcrc could bc
accnarim where multiplc t , ~ nccd a ~ to bc launclicd tit onc
timc. potcntial launch options cannot necessarily bc cnnfincd
to smell launch systcms. Opprtunitics for payload
manifcstingmust~cxamincd inordcr to imlirovc cnstcffcctivcncss.
It is conccivahlc. for instancc. for a whole plane of
I1 Iridium-like tmats to be dcploycd on a single mainlinc
launch whiclc.
4.3 PnyDcaod MnRiksPiarJ
For rnmtcllations with a larg number of small satcllitcs in a
large numhr of orbital plana. manifesting on mainline
launch vehkka io an attractive option. At low-trrmid inclina-
tionn.tk mateffcctite meensofdistributk)n is to u.worhitol
m[Jrension. Spacecraft am launchcd into a park orbit sepa-
rated in allitudc from thc missbn orbit. Earth oblateness