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8.3 Uniad KingdodWussia
Inrtn'm HOTOI,. A joint Ilritish/Husvan dcwlopmcnt to fly
an intcrim wnion of thc Ilritith HOTOI. on thc Husian
Antom-225 'MPIR" hcavy lift aircraft is undcmy. Sumssful
wind-tunnel tats at simulatctl spec& of Mach 10.5 a d
14 have ken conducted at the Ccntral kmhylrdynamio
institute(%AGl)in theirT-128wind tunml in [Wmtaw. The
three orpni7~tions haw signed agrccmenu among thcm-
sclva (ps wll as with #heir respectin: gmmmcnt.. . nritish
htmsyax is defining the Acmpaceplanc and airhnrnc
supprl systems. Ijmitcd TCSOUT~: are awilahk. but the
Eumpe~nCommunityCom~:,ission hasbtcn appmhcd by
British Acmpace for support sine the commission has said
it WM entertain joint Europcan6ovkt (now CIS) BCW
space nntum.
Thc vchkk is planncd to carry a paybad of 15.400 to
17.600 Ib (7.OOlJ to 8.0 kg) into IEO aftcr king launched
from thc An-225 at an altitude of abut 28m It (U km) Tk
An-225 quires the addition of tvm extra .%het D-18
engines. Rolh Roya replacement cn@m 6xrc cnnsideml
to amid installhg additional engines but wm rejected am not
R ccgteffcctin' modificatbn. l'hc cnnacpt is illustmted in
Figure 12
8.4 Wosr
Thc assViet Uninn has cnnCucted aidvamrd partia!ly and
fully hllashk nhick rcsearch and testing Urn many yeam In
Nonmtur. 1991. for instance. thr Centml Imtitute of Aviation
Moton. M-,d.ims to haw anr~ucaed the nnt test
9. RAUN6w 911w: WSODERATUOWS
The orbit quimmcnts for thc GEQ and [EO missions discus&
carlkr an h mct by laumhinp fmm thc tw main
launch sites in t k US, Cap Canaverid in Florida. end Van-
3tnBsrg in California Fipm I3 ss#pcm tht orbit inclinations
that ire ahkmblt hm eesh of thz two sitcs. All targcts at
irrclinat~mo~aaaltoorftrothen573tgcanhc rcached from
Cape Cenowml. whik ik hiBkr inclination orbits , includingpolar
end oasn-smhmr#rus. are r;awsibk from Vandcn-
FQm 12. 'bicumm3rc?tOalo
ZzgcZtm
bcr&Tktc Atlrrcrorklte bnatcnvmld launch the GEOsatcliiics
due easi a t of Cepe Cannwml. while sinek I.EO
I
0.2.2 United Kingdm !
satcllita could k laumkd on tk small launch which or
hllistk mksikdcrivaticncs fmn either launch site. large
Monmld Tdit-Qfl and landing (IIOT(Pl.). 'I'hc original
mu'!i-satcllitc c~nstcllat~ns. such as Iridium-litc amcepts
ambitious BBOTOL gqram is currently unfumlcd. The
cnuM bc launckd by hlta or Atlas II out of Vandenberg.
cnginc mmpt for tht )POTOl.&vclqd artd patcntcd by
An Atlas I1 pid is kingbuilt at Vandcnbcrg. For the ballistic
Alan hd ha ken dcclauifikd. but th !%olbRoycc
missik4cr;vintives. thc launch sitc at Capc Canaveral wukl
RWSO hi3n is still kld pmpiictnrg.. Ilk enair# is a
haw to br re-activated. and dcdicetcd launch sites would
preumhd. air-hrenthing mckct that utikm air cntcring
nccd to he atahlished at Vandcnhcrg. Th: cstimatcd
thrtwgh B V-rvnlgcd intake. Thc air isskEDTd drm t05uh
a t for an akovc-grwnd hallistic misilc4crivativc spacc
wnic spx& and p a ! through R rrfts d kilt pchanwn
launchcr pd is about DSM. Thc air-mobilc Pcgm~s offcn
and turkmmprcss4m until it reachcs rcrthet chamhcr prcslaunch
platform survivability and thr maximum flcxibility in
sum liquid h,vdnqcn and liquif6d air Pucl the fiat phmof
launch sitc location and omit inclination. An advantagc of
cnaintflinhtuptoIW~hS.5at nnahitudxoI93.4M)It (Mkm)
the Bcga.tus i+ that for target nrc,w et latitudcs hwr than the
Onbd liquid oxygcn and hydrn@n is U& for the rcmein-
28 dcg of Cap Canaveral. launching at inclinations equal to
der of the flight. HOTOLsharcs icchnn!qp ntcds with thc
thc targct latitudc provides an orbit that alltnw thc satellite
US NASP but its future is unoertain. It is illustrated in
I
more mnxcutive p,wcs m r thc targct than thc two tima
Figure 11.
pcr day achievablc if it were launchcd from Cape Canawral.
It should bc noted that a cost penalty is incurred to exploit
this advantage.
'lihlc 4 lists the mrdinatcs nf mint of thc spacc launch si:cs
that mist (or in some cam arc planned or arc inactin:) in the
wrld. and Figure 14 s b their distrihution. The fluid
global environment that is bund to exist in the future and
thc fa0 that tscsat mision will moat likely be multinational
in naturc (end pcrhap a UN responsibility) rcquire thc mnsickration
of sharing launch facilities. The Italian sitc at San
Marax. off tk mt of Kenya. thc French siie i ~t Kourou.
Frcnch Guiana. and the nrazilian sitc at Alcantara arc intcrcstingbccause
they affod thedircct launch inclinationorbits
for h r latitude targcts. The mlocatablc laurus wuld be a
candidate for using non-IJS launch sitcs but. again. a
custtffectinncu analyxis would need to bc carricd out. The
US. Pcgasus. ',he propd CIS Spacc Clipper commercial
orbital injcction sptcm. thc lJWCIS Interim HOTOL, and
the German Sangcr could also bc launchcd from multiple
launch sites
IQ. @ONCI~USBONS/WF~OMM&NDATIONS
While it is ncrt to impamihlc to predict with ccrlainty the
environment oP thc future and what peacckecping mililnry
capability will be demanded in that environment , thcre are
some things that. in the long-term, appear incvitabk:
There will k a pmlileration of high technology weapon
spa(cm5 mnd thc world in thc hands of nntionatntes
that hiuf no( prcvbusly had aaxm to such wapons.