0 - FTP Directory Listing - Nato

mum (3 ~qnrlra;Og~m.or~~~n.olR6r?Qi""
of drin h n fpPrnsbn U? the oititud't (fid k-'
o&it. Thcq t h diCemntial pe-b r.*plT.' 'rxn lk? t'm
omits pmit a phcsin3 ob the orbipn to trPm 3 " ' ~ : m~ tine.
At tlw nmmprintc lime. with plnm fd;bm".!!. n oprn;?n
&ti& for n erinin rino performs nn inarc-&rit t~nsfcr
into its mgrccpiw mbbn orbit. R c p ~ TS'C~, h ttszwr,
n;e r&d at hiah inclination ord. in F.1. >re zero for
plar orbitq,. Thus. for high inclinotm m-!tdPntbn, Ihb
appmh k mot prr;ctfrol.
Lillisttc misilc&rimtivcs offer tlic pneibility of liirinchina
in n mattcr of seconds if thcy arc mnintaintd on alert statun
with thc~~tcllilc in thcsamcstatcofrcxdim~. Thisdtxsnnot
sccm to tu! a ncccssary rcquircmcnt for trctttcnl situations. RI
kirct in the near-term. sincc thcrc is a low pnhbility of thc
rapid wntcrfora attack auumcd in t k ww of strategic
ballistic misslb. A more rcmnahlc qpmh wr~lld tx to
storc the whklcs umlrr conditions that wkl allcnw thcm to
bc brought into R state of launch rcsdim in a matter of
daysthcymldbc launchedondcmnndinomntterofhours
ifdesircd.
From the ultimate respnsivity of thc ballistic miwik-
Ucrivatives, thc nat most mponsivc systcms arc the small.
fkcd, rc!ocn!3blc. or mobilc launch sptcms. :It is ncticipntcd
\hat thcserystcmscouldhe launchcd ina maltcrofdayswithbut
a huge investment. Finally, the current medium and
large launch vchicles haw long callup tima kmusc tky arc
not dcsignd for high rcsponsivity or rccycb timcs. Tkrclorc
itwM take n large inwstmcnt in launch sitc fdcililics lo
bring their rcspnsivity into thc onc to two mck rang.
S. MAUMILOWL BAWFJCH SYSTEMS'
Thcrc arc presently four nation-states tho1 ollcr routine
global mninlinc spzoc launch scMccs: the llnitcd ~;tatcs,
Europe. the Commonwealth of Indcpndcnt Stntcs. and the
Pcoplm Wcpuhlic of China. Tcchnially, hpnn ~lso
hraa R
mainline launch systcm. the ti-I. Hcwcwr. this vctkle is
currently king ph& out in favor of tttc id-2 and mmlc its
last flight in Fchruary. 1992. Whcn the MI-2 trcwmcs i?#rS-
IionRI. five nation-stotcs will k oblc to prcivide mainlinc
launch =rviscs. HaYtvcr. diffmrltic; bziq urpr e n d
with the IE-7 cryogenic fint-stitgc cnninc ran&! &lay the
prrdkted 1993 initial launch capability Qnoe.
19-3
Q n corn3 r-YI R?Y-Ilbm
5. U. U Wroifd .''Ea (US)
Thz amnt LE noh?h IWR& oy&m frmilb imt& the
Atk. kh, tr:d EpCmn PmPiPies. 'wrz Atlm. kltm. and
Titon DB me pmdiutn kumC01 GhWm, 4th payW apbiliab
Qf bCb3lZfl6,~ Old n,m b (am arrd 9,091 kd to
EO. Wenvkr lift mpbility iil provided by tk Commercial
Titan KUP and thz Tieon PV, which can lin closc to 48,OOU Ib
(21.818 kcI) tQ mo.
This ~ g of launch , xhkb is thc mat viablc for the high
A second strntcgy is to launch the spmcmfl inlo tkc wmc emqy taxit mixiom, ita0 only kcmuse of payload capaaltitude
as th mibn orbit. but at a I ~ZP inrlinmttnn. thus bility, but b u x t k nugpted stom-on-orbil stratcgy for
cstahlishinn a relative regression rnte brrd cm the differen- thz 8E0 mtellitcs b oonsbtent with thcir current low
tial inclination. n# plnncchange mnmwm to injm t k mpnw tima Titan I1 an currcntly tu flm only
spncccnn into the mbkm orbit is a high cvtccrgy mnhtuwr, from t k wat amt launch site at Vandenberg Air Force Base
h.cvcr. nnd the crew rcquircd incrcmo rnpklly re^ t k (VAFy3) in California. lk Dclta I1 an dclivcr Z10D Ib
magnitude of Ow planc changc incrcam. T k plmtwhnnge (910 k ~ and ) tptt Atlas 11,310 Ib (1,410 kg) to GEO. For a
mancuver imples tRt use of pmpcllnnt. &kti reduces Lp# 1,OlXl lb(455 Ir&mtcl9ite. this translates into about $25 M per
number of 5iilcllitcs tho1 can bc manifaWd on D :in@ payW I~uncW m QI n time on Delta or thrcc at a timc on
launch. A h l a m hstwcn plene chan,v nniJ ccocptmbh Atlas. white for lSIlI 18 (63'2 kg) aotellitcs, thcse numbcn
rcgressbn time must be established to mahe efkctive use of b m e abut $50 M for a sin&lc satellite on klta and $40 M
thc launch systcm performam.
CPSCR for two wtellitcs on Atla. The viahility of launching
multipk satellita to GEQ would haw to be aucsscd by the
4.4 IaeoPrDP ClaSp~ori*onesss
uscm, but it wukl appcar to tx a remnable npproach since
A funkr n>nsidcration is thc launch systcm wspncivcncs. thcrc arc thrcc GEO mbions idcntifwd. and. in any case,
For tnmt mL.k>ns. tkrc is an impliciition oPhidh mponsiv- silcnt spam can be dcploycd if suficicnt cxwss bocxtcr
ityofthcsatcllitcsystcm.hothonthcgmurrisan~loncc it kin capability cxists. Tk benefit of amtrolling satellite wight,
orhit. In Mition to bunchingthc fin1 sstcllifc ritpdly, thcrc without cornpromking mission capability. is apparcnt.
is thc issuc of Iauxh rcpctition ratc rquircmriiL5 (thc nccd
to rcld thc sptcm) This may he sold with dditionarl
Fiyre 1 summarim the payload apabilitics of the currcnt
stomp. tcst and launch pad facilitics. or n) id recycling of
US mcdium and largc mainline upcndablc launch !;hicks
thc pad. or mat pmhably a aimhination o P kith. In cvcry to various orbib of intcrcst nd xvcral othcr characteristics.
W. tDrc marc mponsivity rcquid. the hiBhcr tk .such as payload acmmmcdatiofi. rcliability. and cost per
non-recurring cost for fxilitics and cquipmcnt nnd tk
'flight. lsunch rate capacity circa 1995 U idso shown.
highcr rccurnngcoat for manpcnvcr RMI mnintcnnnoe. 'li&
studics ntcd to tu mdc when launch rcipnsivcncs.
rrquircmencs arc bcttcr dcfincd.
A
a
,:SI :z I ::E I a* I ::.z I
Figure 1. Cumnt US Malnllne Launch Systems
9.1.1.1 lklta /.mi?, of vehicles
'Thc Dclta family of whiclcs was dcrivcd from Ihc Thor
lntcrmcdiate Rangc Elallistic Missile (IRDM) by adding scv-
eralsmall Solid Rocket Moton(SRMs)and thc l')clta sccnnd
slaae. Deltas arc uxd to launch payloads into GEO and
LEO from Eastern Tat Rangc (ETR) lnunch complcxcs
IXJ-I'IA and K-17D; and to polar orbit from thc Wcslcrn
Tat RmEe (W)spasc launch complex SIX-2 The apa-
bilitlrn have atorw, through a wries of upgradcs. The primc
conlrmor for tk klto family of whiclcs is McDonncll
Douglas, Huntington Beach. California.
TRS Ik:lla 11 wm wtecld M) the Air Fora Mcdium lnunch
Vehick I (NUN-I) o d U cumntly used for launching the