Safety in the vicinity of non-towered aerodromes - Australian ...

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What challenges do pilots face at non-towered aerodromes? As non-towered aerodromes are by their very nature uncontrolled, there is a reliance on pilots using them (or operating in the vicinity) to act in a safe, professional, sensible and pragmatic manner in order to maintain separation between their aircraft and other airspace users, including other aircraft (aeroplanes, helicopters, gliders, balloons) or parachutists. For this reason, specific non-towered aerodrome procedures exist to maintain order in the air, and improve the situational awareness of all pilots. Operations at non-towered aerodromes can present challenges to pilots that they might not encounter when operating to some aerodromes where an ATC service is provided. These can include: • different operating procedures that are specific to non-towered aerodromes • fitting into the circuit traffic • communicating with other aircraft to arrange separation • a mixture of aircraft types, operation types, and performance levels • dealing with threats and hazards that might be encountered, such as unannounced traffic, or unexpected manoeuvres by nearby aircraft. Over the course of this study, two regimes of non-towered aerodrome procedures have applied. Prior to 24 November 2005, non-towered aerodromes were surrounded by defined volumes of airspace called CTAF areas (radio carriage and use not required) or MBZ areas 4 (radio required) in which non-towered aerodrome procedures applied. In MBZ areas, positional broadcasts were required to be made on the assigned MBZ frequency. As part of the introduction of the National Airspace System (NAS) Stage 2C, CTAFs and MBZs were abolished from 24 November 2005, and replaced with a common, standardised set of procedures that applied to all non- towered aerodromes. When MBZs were abolished in 2005, pilots were still expected to adhere to the nontowered aerodrome procedures and maintain separation within the vicinity of all nontowered aerodromes (within 10 NM) by monitoring and broadcasting on the assigned CTAF or CTAF(R) frequency . Only pilots flying radio-equipped aircraft were allowed to operate in the vicinity of aerodromes that were designated as CTAF(R) 5 . 4 MBZs were first introduced in December 1995, following a legislative name change from Mandatory Traffic Advisory Frequency (MTAF) areas. The change resulted from a desire to highlight and reinforce the mandatory requirements to make certain radio broadcasts. While the majority of MTAFs became MBZs, some areas were changed to other airspace procedures, including CTAFs. There were no major procedural alterations association with the name change from MTAFs to MBZs (ATSB, 2006a). 5 From 3 June 2010, pilots must both be equipped with a radio and be appropriately trained and qualified to use it before operating at all certified, registered, military, or other specified non-towered aerodromes. The appropriate licence must be issued or recognised by CASA. Licensing requirements are specified in CAR 166. - 2 -
1.1.2 Why is the ATSB looking into non-towered aerodrome safety? The reports of occurrences at non-towered aerodromes received by the ATSB from 2003 to 2008 have raised a number of concerns relating to aircraft separation, poor communication, situational awareness, adherence to circuit and approach procedures, and airmanship. Furthermore, the ATSB has investigated several occurrences at nontowered aerodromes in recent years. This report looked only at incidents and accidents prior to the introduction of changes by the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) to CAR 166, which affected procedures at Class D and non-towered aerodromes. These changes came into effect from 3 June 2010, and are discussed further below. However, the non-controlled operating nature of non-towered aerodromes remains fundamentally the same, and pilots must still be aware of their responsibilities when flying in their vicinity. This report intends to review occurrences in the vicinity of all non-towered aerodromes in Australia in order to explore the types of safety events that occur based on the occurrences reported to the ATSB, and the concerns raised by pilots and industry regarding operations at non-towered aerodromes. In December 2005, the ATSB published a discussion paper following an examination of airspace-related occurrences involving regular public transport (RPT) and general aviation (GA) aircraft in MBZ areas between 2001 and 2004. This followed on from a similar study published in 2003, which examined incident and accident data for airspace-related occurrences in MBZs between 1994 and 2001. 1.1.3 Typical aircraft using non-towered aerodromes Non-towered aerodromes can have a mix of passenger-carrying aircraft, instrument (IFR) or visual (VFR) flight rules aircraft, smaller general aviation aircraft or amateur-built aircraft, VFR agricultural aircraft, VFR sport and recreational aircraft such as balloons and gliders, and other airspace users such as parachutists, all operating at any one time. In the future, unmanned air vehicles may also contribute to the number of movements at some non-towered aerodromes. Some non-towered regional aerodromes in Australia have grown significantly in the last decade, from small regional airstrips with few daily movements into busy regional hubs. This has particularly been the case with Port Macquarie, Hervey Bay, and Ballina/Byron Gateway, but also with other aerodromes such as Karratha and Kununurra, where the resources boom in Queensland and Western Australia has seen an increased demand for high capacity jet charter and passenger transport services. Often, the limited infrastructure of fast-growing regional aerodromes has led to an increase in traffic congestion, and demand for services has seen a changed traffic mix, with a greater number of larger and faster aircraft using these aerodromes. - 3 -
Page 1: ATSB TRANSPORT SAFETY REPORT Aviati
Page 4 and 5: Published by: Australian Transport
Page 6 and 7: 4.4 Making your presence and intent
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Page 10 and 11: THE AUSTRALIAN TRANSPORT SAFETY BUR
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Page 14 and 15: Airproxes and other separation issu
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Page 20 and 21: procedures from 3 June 2010) GPS Gl
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Page 26 and 27: A factor in the frequency of occurr
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Page 32 and 33: 1.3 Scope This report focused only
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Page 36 and 37: • Violations - any individual act
Page 38 and 39: Table 1: Movements for 20 selected
Page 40 and 41: that the level of detail and the ty
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Page 46 and 47: 3.4 Where were the most occurrences
Page 48 and 49: Occurrences relative to flight rule
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Page 52 and 53: Runway incursions can have serious
Page 54 and 55: ATS errors in passing traffic infor
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6.3 Other alerted ‘see-and-avoid
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Not a substitute for maintaining an
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Figure 13: Damage to Piper PA-28 Wa
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7.3 Avoiding action taken and colli
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One airprox occurred between two pa
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The movement data elements 32 colle
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Notable changes in traffic mix betw
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expected number of occurrences; how
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Investigation number AO-2007-006 Wi
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8.4.4 Other recent investigations i
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9.1.1 Parachuting operations A numb
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9.1.4 Avoiding landing charges Ther
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See-and-avoid conflicts See-and-avo
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10.2 Previous ATSB studies into non
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10.4 What you need to do if you fly
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writing, data does not exist to eva
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Australian Transport Safety Bureau.
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