Fen Management Handbook - Scottish Natural Heritage

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Appendix II – List of acronyms used in the text BAP Biodiversity Action Plan BGS British Geological Society BTCV British Trust for Conservation Volunteers CAA Civil Aviation Authority CCW Countryside Council for Wales CSM Guidance Common Standards Monitoring Guidance DOC Dissolved oxygen concentration EA Environment Agency EC Electrical conductivity FWAG Farming and Wildlife Advisory Group GAP Grazing Animals Project HAP Habitat Action Plan LiDAR Light detection and ranging LU Livestock unit NE Natural England NIEA Northern Ireland Environment Agency NNR National Nature Reserve NVC National Vegetation Classification RAF Royal Air Force RDP Rural Development Programmes RSPB The Royal Society for Protection of Birds SAC Special Area of Conservation SAP Species Action Plan SEPA Scottish Environment Protection Agency SNH Scottish Natural Heritage SOAC Scottish Outdoor Access Code SPC Shadow price for carbon SRDP Scottish Rural Development Programme SSSI Site of Special Scientific Interest SUDS Sustainable urban drainage schemes also known as Sustainable drainage schemes as they are also used in rural locations 275
Appendix III – List of species referred to in the main text and detailed lists of mammals, birds, repitles and amphibians associated with fens Common name Latin name Alder Alnus glutinosa Angelica Angelica sylvestris Alder buckthorn Frangula alnus Bird’s eye primrose Primula farinosa Black bog-rush Schoenus nigricans Bog asphodel Narthecium ossifragum Bog bean Menyanthes trifoliata Bog pimpernel Anagallis tenella Bog pondweed Potamogeton polygonifolius Bladder sedge Carex vesicaria Bottle sedge Carex rostrata Blunt-flowered rush Juncus subnodulosus Buckthorn Rhamnus catharticus Bulrush Typha latifolia Butterwort Pinguicula vulgaris Canary reedgrass Phalaris arundinacea Carnation sedge Carex panicea Common butterwort Pinguicula vulgaris Common clubrush Schoenoplectus lacustris Common cotton grass Eriophorum angustifolium Common reed Phragmites australis Common sallow Salix cinerea Common sedge Carex nigra Common valerian Valeriana officinalis Cranberry Vaccinium oxycoccos) Cross leaved heath Erica tetralix Devil’s bit scabious Succisa pratensis Dioecious sedge Carex dioica Downy birch Betula pubescens Early marsh orchid Dactylorhiza incarnata Elongated sedge Carex elongata Fen bedstraw Galium uliginosum Fen orchid Liparis loeselii Fen notchwort Leiocolea rutheana Fen pondweed Potamogeton coloratus Fen violet Viola persicifolia Flat sedge Blysmus compressus Fragrant orchid Gymnadenia conopsea ssp. densiflora Giant reed Arundo donax 276
Page 1 and 2:
The Fen Management Handbook Edited
Page 3 and 4:
Acknowledgements Production of the
Page 5 and 6:
1. Introduction and Basic Principle
Page 7 and 8:
Estimates of the original coverage
Page 9 and 10:
Guiding principles for fen manageme
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Section 12: Fens from an Economic P
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2.1 Diversity and conservation sign
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Part of Cropple How Mire in Cumbria
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The moss flora of base-rich springs
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Bog bean growing in a transitional
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Mesotrophic openwater transition fe
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Water shrews (Neomys fodiens), also
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2.4.1 Vegetated margins of open wat
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2.4.3 Grazed or cut fen in floodpla
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2.6 Amphibians Amphibians are depen
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The mud snail Omphiscola glabra (12
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Old trees and dead wood Continuous
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Vascular plants Flat-sedge Blysmus
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3. Understanding Fen Hydrology Quan
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Groundwater discharge to fens is us
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Water Table 3.4.1.4 Spring fed fen
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3.5 Factors determining fen type 3.
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- Flooding - frequency and magnitud
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3.7 Further information and advice
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Groundwater inflow. Groundwater lev
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It is likely that groundwater disch
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Case Study 3.3 Hydro(geo)logical im
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4. Understanding Fen Nutrients Nutr
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nutrients. For example, at high con
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4.2.1 Groundwater and surface water
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4.2.3 Point and diffuse sources of
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Area of acute nutrient enrichment o
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4.4 Classifying water chemistry usi
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4.6 Identifying nutrient enrichment
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Negative indicator species for diff
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Many of the floristic changes which
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Case Study 4.1 Understanding Fen Nu
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5.1 Why do fens need management? In
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5.2 Checklist of key stages in deci
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5.3.3 Scale Although fens are linke
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5.4 Site survey to establish what i
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variability and how these relate to
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- The fauna which inhabit the fen c
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- Prioritise objectives to achieve
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inundation are less likely to be sp
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5.13 References Barsoum, N., Anders
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Case Study 5.2 Fen Management and R
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- 14km of livestock fencing install
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Case Study 5.3 Fen Management and R
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6. Fen Management and Restoration -
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Both the benefits and potentially l
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Cattle forced by flooding to the ed
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At low/medium stocking density, cat
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Goats have narrow muzzles and a fle
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Fens usually feature a range of dif
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Excessive poaching where cattle hav
Page 113 and 114:
extensive areas of wetlands which w
Page 115 and 116:
‘Soft track’ machines, such as
Page 117 and 118:
The design of the pipeline allows f
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Protocol for burning standing reedb
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Long rotation scrub clearance may b
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‘Bird-eye’ and incineration A t
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6.7 Restoring fen meadow Many forme
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Current Management The current mana
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Case Study 6.2 Fen Vegetation Manag
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species diversity of wetland passer
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The temptation to burn large areas
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Outcomes In the eight years that th
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Anglesey sites is now underway supp
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Close grazed short sward of sedges
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Turf cutting Turf cutting has been
Page 143 and 144:
7.1 A framework to assist decision
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Surface water level change e.g. - a
Page 147 and 148:
and the surface to acidify, resulti
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Smaller excavations are preferable
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Morton Lochs, which extend to appro
Page 153 and 154:
Although shallow excavations are pr
Page 155 and 156:
At Leighton Moss in Lancashire, are
Page 157 and 158:
Excavating spoil within the area to
Page 159 and 160:
uilt dams can only be formed in dit
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Case Study 7.1 Fen Water Management
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8. Managing Fen Nutrient Enrichment
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Summary table of key techniques for
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8.2 Managing the source of nutrient
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Marginal interceptor ditch at Cors
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8.3.4 Bund creation In some cases i
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emoval or soil stripping, both of w
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8.5 Monitoring nutrient reduction D
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Recent photo of stripped surface sh
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9.1 Scope for fen creation The Grea
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9.3 What type of fen? New fens can
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9.5 Restraints on fen creation Plan
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9.6 Check list of issues to conside
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9.7 Site assessment Planning and de
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LIDAR maps can provide a general un
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generally more acidic than silts an
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Site visits and careful assessment
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9.8.4 Plastic membranes On sites wi
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Use of seed bombs ‘Seed bombs’
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Experience has shown that the most
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9.10.2 Creation of niches for plant
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Meade, R. & Wheeler, B.D. 2007. Rai
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- On-going measurement of the effec
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with appropriate training. Providin
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10.3 Biological monitoring techniqu
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Undesirable species for key NVC com
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10.3.3 Vegetation Mapping An initia
Page 221 and 222: It is good practise to record with
Page 223 and 224: 10.4 Biological monitoring techniqu
Page 225 and 226: for Ornithology, the Bat Conservati
Page 227 and 228: Box 2: Construction, installation a
Page 229 and 230: 10.8 Monitoring surface water flows
Page 231 and 232: - Phytometric tests measure how wel
Page 233 and 234: Storage of data and information on
Page 235 and 236: period, simply because it is design
Page 237 and 238: Another consideration is the likely
Page 239 and 240: 11.1 An historical perspective Poll
Page 241 and 242: Inviting volunteer involvement in f
Page 243 and 244: 11.3.3 Stakeholders ‘Stakeholders
Page 245 and 246: have been designated under access a
Page 247 and 248: 11.6.4 Boardwalks Boardwalks are no
Page 249 and 250: 11.6.5 Water borne access Waterways
Page 251 and 252: - Explore opportunities to stimulat
Page 253 and 254: Case Study 11.1 Fens and people - S
Page 255 and 256: Case Study 11.2 Fens and People - H
Page 257 and 258: 12. Fens from an Economic Perspecti
Page 259 and 260: 12.1.3 Biomass energy and Biofuels
Page 261 and 262: 12.2 Environmental regulation 12.2.
Page 263 and 264: the peat carbon store is depleted t
Page 265 and 266: Another mechanism for funding wetla
Page 267 and 268: Whitlaw Mosses in Scotland (see det
Page 269 and 270: 12.8 References Dickie, I., Hughes,
Page 271: Nitrogen fixation conversion of gas
Page 275 and 276: Table 1 - Mammal species associated
Page 277 and 278: 280 Bittern Botaurus stellaris All
Page 279 and 280: Grasshopper Warbler 282 Locustella
Page 281 and 282: Table 4 - Fish species associated w
Page 283 and 284: Table 5 - Legally protected inverte
Page 285 and 286: 288 Community Topogenous fens S24 P
Page 287 and 288: 290 Community S8 Scirpus lacustris
Page 289 and 290: 292 Community M11 Carex demissa - S
Page 291 and 292: 294 Community M23 Juncus effusus /
Page 293 and 294: Appendix V - Legal and regulatory c
Page 295 and 296: 298 Type of Works Guidance for UK C
Page 297 and 298: Appendix VI - Fen management for br
Page 299 and 300: However, three of the four species
Page 301 and 302: Sensitive periods Harvest mice bree
Page 303 and 304: species like bittern, and then drop
Page 305 and 306: Sensitive periods Species breed wit
Page 307 and 308: Great Crested Newt Great crested ne
Page 309 and 310: Appendix VIII - Fen management for
Page 311 and 312: Mollusca (snails, slugs and mussels
Page 313 and 314: Other than for rare or exceptional
Page 315 and 316: There is usually some degree of sub
Page 317 and 318: Management requirements for protect
Page 319 and 320: Appendix IX - Further reading Secti
Page 321 and 322: Koerselman, W., Bakker, S.A. & Blom
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Section 5: Fen Management and Resto
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Patzelt, A, Wild, U. and Jörg Pfad
Page 327 and 328:
Index A access 103, 110, 190, 226,
Page 329:
cutting 114 disposal 117 management
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Fen Management Handbook - Scottish Natural Heritage

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