Fen Management Handbook - Scottish Natural Heritage

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Table of Legal and Planning Requirements for Projects involving Fens and Water Resources Type of Works Guidance for UK Countries General guidance England and Wales Works to ordinary water courses (including obstructions to flow such as weirs and dams) and works that are in Flood Zones or in, adjacent to, under or over main rivers require Flood Defence Consent from the EA. Maps are held by the EA Works carried out on ordinary water courses in IDB areas require IDB consent. As the best first point of contact, get in touch with your EA Area Biodiversity or Conservation Officer. Scotland The planning process and Controlled Activity Regulations (CAR 2005) controls all works in or near watercourses (ref: Water Environment (Controlled Activities) (Scotland) Regulations 2005) The Water Environment (Controlled Activities) (Scotland) Regulations 2005 Northern Ireland Works in river channels require consent from the Rivers Agency. Works adjacent to water courses are controlled by the planning process River Impoundment General Guidance: PPG5 (Pollution Prevention Guidance), published by EA, SEPA and NIEA covers any potential adverse impacts on ground water Environment Agency - Pollution Prevention Guidelines (PPGs) England and Wales Impoundment licenses are issued by the EA. See hyperlink http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/business/topics/ water/32020.aspx Flood Defence consent may also be required to build impounding structures such as dams, weirs and sluices. Scotland Impoundments require authorisation by SEPA http://www.sepa.org.uk/water/regulations/regimes/ impoundment.aspx Northern Ireland Impoundments require authorisation by NIEA http://www.ni-environment.gov.uk/water-home/water_ resources/abstraction.htm Water Abstraction England and Wales Abstraction of >20 cubic metres per day from controlled waters requires an EA licence Environment Agency - Water abstraction Scotland Authorisation for all water abstractions under Water Environment (Controlled Activities) (Scotland) Regulations 2005 Authorisation for all water abstractions Organisation to contact EA, IDB SEPA NIEA EA SEPA NIEA EA SEPA 297
298 Type of Works Guidance for UK Countries Northern Ireland There is no control of abstraction currently but new legislation is forthcoming and will control abstractions. Common law riparian rights must be respected. Discharge of Effluent General Advice Most clean water fen restoration, re-creation or management schemes will not require a formal consent to discharge. Temporary discharge controls may be required during works being undertaken and advice should be sought from the Regulatory body. EA (England and Wales), SEPA (Scotland), NIEA (Northern Ireland) Planning Permission Planning Permissions already in place for the site or required for the intended activity. Waste Management Regulations Off-site disposal of soil and waste (for example material generated when lowering land levels) On-site disposal/ manipulation of waste Changes to land use or landscape Existing Management Agreements Existing planning permissions will be registered with the Local Planning Authority. England: County Council, Wales – appropriate Unitary Authority. Scotland - Development Control Authority – the District Authority or Regional or Island Council. Northern Ireland – NIEA Off-site disposal of material deemed to be ‘waste’ needs to be to a licensed site and transported by a registered waste carrier. On-site disposal or manipulation of waste may require a waste management license. If waste is deposited near a river or on a floodplain, consent from the appropriate agency is required. Planning permission (from the LPA) may be required if land is taken out of agricultural production, permanent structures are created or erected or the landscape is altered. Special provisions may apply in National Parks – consult the National Park Authority. England: County Council, Wales – appropriate Unitary Authority. Scotland - Development Control Authority – the District Authority or Regional or Island Council. Northern Ireland – NIEA This includes agri-environment schemes. Landowners and statutory conservation organisations (NE, SNH, CCW, NIEA, DEFRA) will be able to provide information on land management agreements. Agri-environment schemes differ between UK countries and are reviewed at intervals. Please see statutory conservation organisations websites for up-to date information. Organisation to contact NIEA EA SEPA NIEA EA SEPA NIEA NE CCW SNH NIEA
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The Fen Management Handbook Edited
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Acknowledgements Production of the
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1. Introduction and Basic Principle
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Estimates of the original coverage
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Guiding principles for fen manageme
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Section 12: Fens from an Economic P
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2.1 Diversity and conservation sign
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Part of Cropple How Mire in Cumbria
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The moss flora of base-rich springs
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Bog bean growing in a transitional
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Mesotrophic openwater transition fe
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Water shrews (Neomys fodiens), also
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2.4.1 Vegetated margins of open wat
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2.4.3 Grazed or cut fen in floodpla
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2.6 Amphibians Amphibians are depen
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The mud snail Omphiscola glabra (12
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Old trees and dead wood Continuous
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Vascular plants Flat-sedge Blysmus
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3. Understanding Fen Hydrology Quan
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Groundwater discharge to fens is us
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Water Table 3.4.1.4 Spring fed fen
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3.5 Factors determining fen type 3.
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- Flooding - frequency and magnitud
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3.7 Further information and advice
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Groundwater inflow. Groundwater lev
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It is likely that groundwater disch
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Case Study 3.3 Hydro(geo)logical im
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4. Understanding Fen Nutrients Nutr
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nutrients. For example, at high con
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4.2.1 Groundwater and surface water
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4.2.3 Point and diffuse sources of
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Area of acute nutrient enrichment o
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4.4 Classifying water chemistry usi
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4.6 Identifying nutrient enrichment
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Negative indicator species for diff
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Many of the floristic changes which
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Case Study 4.1 Understanding Fen Nu
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5.1 Why do fens need management? In
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5.2 Checklist of key stages in deci
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5.3.3 Scale Although fens are linke
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5.4 Site survey to establish what i
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variability and how these relate to
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- The fauna which inhabit the fen c
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- Prioritise objectives to achieve
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inundation are less likely to be sp
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5.13 References Barsoum, N., Anders
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Case Study 5.2 Fen Management and R
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- 14km of livestock fencing install
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Case Study 5.3 Fen Management and R
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6. Fen Management and Restoration -
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Both the benefits and potentially l
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Cattle forced by flooding to the ed
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At low/medium stocking density, cat
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Goats have narrow muzzles and a fle
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Fens usually feature a range of dif
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Excessive poaching where cattle hav
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extensive areas of wetlands which w
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‘Soft track’ machines, such as
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The design of the pipeline allows f
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Protocol for burning standing reedb
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Long rotation scrub clearance may b
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‘Bird-eye’ and incineration A t
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6.7 Restoring fen meadow Many forme
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Current Management The current mana
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Case Study 6.2 Fen Vegetation Manag
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species diversity of wetland passer
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The temptation to burn large areas
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Outcomes In the eight years that th
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Anglesey sites is now underway supp
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Close grazed short sward of sedges
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Turf cutting Turf cutting has been
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7.1 A framework to assist decision
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Surface water level change e.g. - a
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and the surface to acidify, resulti
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Smaller excavations are preferable
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Morton Lochs, which extend to appro
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Although shallow excavations are pr
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At Leighton Moss in Lancashire, are
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Excavating spoil within the area to
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uilt dams can only be formed in dit
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Case Study 7.1 Fen Water Management
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8. Managing Fen Nutrient Enrichment
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Summary table of key techniques for
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8.2 Managing the source of nutrient
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Marginal interceptor ditch at Cors
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8.3.4 Bund creation In some cases i
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emoval or soil stripping, both of w
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8.5 Monitoring nutrient reduction D
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Recent photo of stripped surface sh
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9.1 Scope for fen creation The Grea
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9.3 What type of fen? New fens can
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9.5 Restraints on fen creation Plan
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9.6 Check list of issues to conside
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9.7 Site assessment Planning and de
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LIDAR maps can provide a general un
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generally more acidic than silts an
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Site visits and careful assessment
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9.8.4 Plastic membranes On sites wi
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Use of seed bombs ‘Seed bombs’
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Experience has shown that the most
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9.10.2 Creation of niches for plant
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Meade, R. & Wheeler, B.D. 2007. Rai
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- On-going measurement of the effec
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with appropriate training. Providin
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10.3 Biological monitoring techniqu
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Undesirable species for key NVC com
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10.3.3 Vegetation Mapping An initia
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It is good practise to record with
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10.4 Biological monitoring techniqu
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for Ornithology, the Bat Conservati
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Box 2: Construction, installation a
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10.8 Monitoring surface water flows
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- Phytometric tests measure how wel
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Storage of data and information on
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period, simply because it is design
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Another consideration is the likely
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11.1 An historical perspective Poll
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Inviting volunteer involvement in f
Page 243 and 244: 11.3.3 Stakeholders ‘Stakeholders
Page 245 and 246: have been designated under access a
Page 247 and 248: 11.6.4 Boardwalks Boardwalks are no
Page 249 and 250: 11.6.5 Water borne access Waterways
Page 251 and 252: - Explore opportunities to stimulat
Page 253 and 254: Case Study 11.1 Fens and people - S
Page 255 and 256: Case Study 11.2 Fens and People - H
Page 257 and 258: 12. Fens from an Economic Perspecti
Page 259 and 260: 12.1.3 Biomass energy and Biofuels
Page 261 and 262: 12.2 Environmental regulation 12.2.
Page 263 and 264: the peat carbon store is depleted t
Page 265 and 266: Another mechanism for funding wetla
Page 267 and 268: Whitlaw Mosses in Scotland (see det
Page 269 and 270: 12.8 References Dickie, I., Hughes,
Page 271 and 272: Nitrogen fixation conversion of gas
Page 273 and 274: Appendix III - List of species refe
Page 275 and 276: Table 1 - Mammal species associated
Page 277 and 278: 280 Bittern Botaurus stellaris All
Page 279 and 280: Grasshopper Warbler 282 Locustella
Page 281 and 282: Table 4 - Fish species associated w
Page 283 and 284: Table 5 - Legally protected inverte
Page 285 and 286: 288 Community Topogenous fens S24 P
Page 287 and 288: 290 Community S8 Scirpus lacustris
Page 289 and 290: 292 Community M11 Carex demissa - S
Page 291 and 292: 294 Community M23 Juncus effusus /
Page 293: Appendix V - Legal and regulatory c
Page 297 and 298: Appendix VI - Fen management for br
Page 299 and 300: However, three of the four species
Page 301 and 302: Sensitive periods Harvest mice bree
Page 303 and 304: species like bittern, and then drop
Page 305 and 306: Sensitive periods Species breed wit
Page 307 and 308: Great Crested Newt Great crested ne
Page 309 and 310: Appendix VIII - Fen management for
Page 311 and 312: Mollusca (snails, slugs and mussels
Page 313 and 314: Other than for rare or exceptional
Page 315 and 316: There is usually some degree of sub
Page 317 and 318: Management requirements for protect
Page 319 and 320: Appendix IX - Further reading Secti
Page 321 and 322: Koerselman, W., Bakker, S.A. & Blom
Page 323 and 324: Section 5: Fen Management and Resto
Page 325 and 326: Patzelt, A, Wild, U. and Jörg Pfad
Page 327 and 328: Index A access 103, 110, 190, 226,
Page 329: cutting 114 disposal 117 management
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Fen Management Handbook - Scottish Natural Heritage

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