Fen Management Handbook - Scottish Natural Heritage

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Table 3 – Amphibians associated with fens Name Scientific name Great crested newt Palmate & smooth newt Protection in law / policy Triturus cristatus Conservation Regulations Wildlife & Countryside Act (full protection) UKBAP Priority Species Lissotriton helveticus Lissotriton vulgaris Wildlife & Countryside Act (protection from sale only) Common toad Bufo bufo Wildlife & Countryside Act (protection from sale only) UKBAP Priority Species Common frog Rana temporaria Wildlife & Countryside Act (protection from sale only) Pool frog Rana lessonae Conservation Regulations UKBAP Priority Species Preferred habitat Ponds of all sizes, usually devoid of fish and with plenty of weed cover, adjacent to rough grassland, scrub and/or woodland. Full range of water bodies. Fish and occasional drying out of the water body can be tolerated to a certain degree but predation on larvae by fish is still a significant factor. Landscapes dominated by rough grassland contain the highest proportion of breeding sites occupied by Smooth Newts. The distributions of the two species overlap. Palmate Newts have a more western and northern distribution and as a consequence tend to be found more in upland habitats than Smooth Newts. Palmate newts are more tolerant than Smooth Newts of low pH water. Preferred habitats include rough grassland, scrub and open woodland. Within these areas large permanent water bodies are generally required. Optimum pond size is around 1000 square metres, with a good cover of emergent and submerged vegetation. Seem to prefer fish ponds as breeding sites which may possibly be attributable to the lack of competition from Common frogs. Breed in the shallows of a full range of water body sizes. They tend to use small (
Table 4 – Fish species associated with fens 284 Common Name Scientific Name Freshwater Habitat Distribution European eel Anguilla anguilla All freshwater habitats Widespread Silver bream Abramis bjoerkna Turbid, slow-flowing, enriched lowland rivers, associated drains and canals Common bream Abramis brama Characteristic of nutrient rich, lowland lakes and slow-flowing rivers with a clay/mud bottom Bleak Alburnus alburnus Found in the associated drains and backwaters of larger rivers Crucian carp Carassius carassius Gudgeon Gobio gobio Moderately fast flowing streams to slow-flowing lowland rivers. Also in large lakes, reservoirs and gravel pits Roach Rutilus rutilus Lowland rivers and still waters, particularly tolerant of poor water quality in intensively managed catchments Rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus East Midlands and east Yorkshire Widespread in England generally absent from Scotland, much of Wales and the extreme southwest of England Native to the river systems of the Humber and the Wash and Thames but have been introduced to other river systems Small, rich ponds and lakes Possibly native to south-east England, introduced elsewhere Slow-flowing rivers, lakes and ponds with abundant submerged vegetation Tench Tinca tinca Slow-flowing, lowland rivers and still waters Spined loach Cobitis taenia Variety of micro-habitats within shallow rivers and streams, drains, ditches and some shallow lakes. Common factor is presence of fine silt/sand as a substrate. Pike Esox lucius Thrives in many different waters, from lakes, canals and slow-flowing rivers and streams Widespread in England, absent from parts of Scotland and Wales Widespread Widespread Throughout much of Southern Britain, absent from upland areas of Wales and much of Scotland Occurs naturally in 5 main river catchments in the east of England; The Rivers Trent, Welland, Witham, Nene and Great Ouse. Widespread, absent from northern Scotland.
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The Fen Management Handbook Edited
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Acknowledgements Production of the
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1. Introduction and Basic Principle
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Estimates of the original coverage
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Guiding principles for fen manageme
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Section 12: Fens from an Economic P
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2.1 Diversity and conservation sign
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Part of Cropple How Mire in Cumbria
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The moss flora of base-rich springs
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Bog bean growing in a transitional
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Mesotrophic openwater transition fe
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Water shrews (Neomys fodiens), also
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2.4.1 Vegetated margins of open wat
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2.4.3 Grazed or cut fen in floodpla
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2.6 Amphibians Amphibians are depen
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The mud snail Omphiscola glabra (12
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Old trees and dead wood Continuous
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Vascular plants Flat-sedge Blysmus
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3. Understanding Fen Hydrology Quan
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Groundwater discharge to fens is us
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Water Table 3.4.1.4 Spring fed fen
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3.5 Factors determining fen type 3.
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- Flooding - frequency and magnitud
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3.7 Further information and advice
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Groundwater inflow. Groundwater lev
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It is likely that groundwater disch
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Case Study 3.3 Hydro(geo)logical im
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4. Understanding Fen Nutrients Nutr
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nutrients. For example, at high con
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4.2.1 Groundwater and surface water
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4.2.3 Point and diffuse sources of
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Area of acute nutrient enrichment o
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4.4 Classifying water chemistry usi
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4.6 Identifying nutrient enrichment
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Negative indicator species for diff
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Many of the floristic changes which
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Case Study 4.1 Understanding Fen Nu
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5.1 Why do fens need management? In
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5.2 Checklist of key stages in deci
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5.3.3 Scale Although fens are linke
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5.4 Site survey to establish what i
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variability and how these relate to
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- The fauna which inhabit the fen c
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- Prioritise objectives to achieve
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inundation are less likely to be sp
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5.13 References Barsoum, N., Anders
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Case Study 5.2 Fen Management and R
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- 14km of livestock fencing install
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Case Study 5.3 Fen Management and R
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6. Fen Management and Restoration -
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Both the benefits and potentially l
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Cattle forced by flooding to the ed
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At low/medium stocking density, cat
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Goats have narrow muzzles and a fle
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Fens usually feature a range of dif
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Excessive poaching where cattle hav
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extensive areas of wetlands which w
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‘Soft track’ machines, such as
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The design of the pipeline allows f
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Protocol for burning standing reedb
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Long rotation scrub clearance may b
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‘Bird-eye’ and incineration A t
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6.7 Restoring fen meadow Many forme
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Current Management The current mana
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Case Study 6.2 Fen Vegetation Manag
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species diversity of wetland passer
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The temptation to burn large areas
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Outcomes In the eight years that th
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Anglesey sites is now underway supp
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Close grazed short sward of sedges
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Turf cutting Turf cutting has been
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7.1 A framework to assist decision
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Surface water level change e.g. - a
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and the surface to acidify, resulti
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Smaller excavations are preferable
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Morton Lochs, which extend to appro
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Although shallow excavations are pr
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At Leighton Moss in Lancashire, are
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Excavating spoil within the area to
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uilt dams can only be formed in dit
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Case Study 7.1 Fen Water Management
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8. Managing Fen Nutrient Enrichment
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Summary table of key techniques for
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8.2 Managing the source of nutrient
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Marginal interceptor ditch at Cors
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8.3.4 Bund creation In some cases i
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emoval or soil stripping, both of w
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8.5 Monitoring nutrient reduction D
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Recent photo of stripped surface sh
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9.1 Scope for fen creation The Grea
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9.3 What type of fen? New fens can
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9.5 Restraints on fen creation Plan
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9.6 Check list of issues to conside
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9.7 Site assessment Planning and de
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LIDAR maps can provide a general un
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generally more acidic than silts an
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Site visits and careful assessment
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9.8.4 Plastic membranes On sites wi
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Use of seed bombs ‘Seed bombs’
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Experience has shown that the most
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9.10.2 Creation of niches for plant
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Meade, R. & Wheeler, B.D. 2007. Rai
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- On-going measurement of the effec
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with appropriate training. Providin
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10.3 Biological monitoring techniqu
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Undesirable species for key NVC com
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10.3.3 Vegetation Mapping An initia
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It is good practise to record with
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10.4 Biological monitoring techniqu
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for Ornithology, the Bat Conservati
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Box 2: Construction, installation a
Page 229 and 230: 10.8 Monitoring surface water flows
Page 231 and 232: - Phytometric tests measure how wel
Page 233 and 234: Storage of data and information on
Page 235 and 236: period, simply because it is design
Page 237 and 238: Another consideration is the likely
Page 239 and 240: 11.1 An historical perspective Poll
Page 241 and 242: Inviting volunteer involvement in f
Page 243 and 244: 11.3.3 Stakeholders ‘Stakeholders
Page 245 and 246: have been designated under access a
Page 247 and 248: 11.6.4 Boardwalks Boardwalks are no
Page 249 and 250: 11.6.5 Water borne access Waterways
Page 251 and 252: - Explore opportunities to stimulat
Page 253 and 254: Case Study 11.1 Fens and people - S
Page 255 and 256: Case Study 11.2 Fens and People - H
Page 257 and 258: 12. Fens from an Economic Perspecti
Page 259 and 260: 12.1.3 Biomass energy and Biofuels
Page 261 and 262: 12.2 Environmental regulation 12.2.
Page 263 and 264: the peat carbon store is depleted t
Page 265 and 266: Another mechanism for funding wetla
Page 267 and 268: Whitlaw Mosses in Scotland (see det
Page 269 and 270: 12.8 References Dickie, I., Hughes,
Page 271 and 272: Nitrogen fixation conversion of gas
Page 273 and 274: Appendix III - List of species refe
Page 275 and 276: Table 1 - Mammal species associated
Page 277 and 278: 280 Bittern Botaurus stellaris All
Page 279: Grasshopper Warbler 282 Locustella
Page 283 and 284: Table 5 - Legally protected inverte
Page 285 and 286: 288 Community Topogenous fens S24 P
Page 287 and 288: 290 Community S8 Scirpus lacustris
Page 289 and 290: 292 Community M11 Carex demissa - S
Page 291 and 292: 294 Community M23 Juncus effusus /
Page 293 and 294: Appendix V - Legal and regulatory c
Page 295 and 296: 298 Type of Works Guidance for UK C
Page 297 and 298: Appendix VI - Fen management for br
Page 299 and 300: However, three of the four species
Page 301 and 302: Sensitive periods Harvest mice bree
Page 303 and 304: species like bittern, and then drop
Page 305 and 306: Sensitive periods Species breed wit
Page 307 and 308: Great Crested Newt Great crested ne
Page 309 and 310: Appendix VIII - Fen management for
Page 311 and 312: Mollusca (snails, slugs and mussels
Page 313 and 314: Other than for rare or exceptional
Page 315 and 316: There is usually some degree of sub
Page 317 and 318: Management requirements for protect
Page 319 and 320: Appendix IX - Further reading Secti
Page 321 and 322: Koerselman, W., Bakker, S.A. & Blom
Page 323 and 324: Section 5: Fen Management and Resto
Page 325 and 326: Patzelt, A, Wild, U. and Jörg Pfad
Page 327 and 328: Index A access 103, 110, 190, 226,
Page 329: cutting 114 disposal 117 management
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Fen Management Handbook - Scottish Natural Heritage

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