Fen Management Handbook - Scottish Natural Heritage

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Section 11: Fens and People Dynamix. (2008). Outdoor Learning and Play. Retrieved 5/2/2009, from http://www.dynamix.ltd.uk/images/stories/downloadable/outdoors.pdf. Richards, C., K. L. Blackstock, et al. 2004. Practical Approaches to Participation, SERG Policy Brief No. 1. C. E. Carter and C. L. Spash. Aberdeen, Macaulay Institute. http://www.governat.eu/ files/files/day_3,_a,_richards_participation_serp2004.pdf. Staatsbosbeheer. 2009. Kanoroute De Weerribben. Retrieved 9/2/2009, from http://www.staatsbosbeheer.nl/Activiteiten/Weerribben/Kanoroute%20De%20Weerribben.aspx. The Forestry Commission. 2004. A toolbox for public involvement in forest and woodland planning. Retrieved 1/2/2009, from http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/INFD-5XMDS8. The National Trust. 1992. Wicken Fen Management - Part A1 Statement of Objectives. Retrieved 9/2/2009, from http://www.ecoln.com/wicken_fen/m97a1000.html. The National Trust. 2007. The Wicken Fen Vision. Second Consultation Draft. http://www.wicken. org.uk/vision/Wicken%20Fen%20Vision%20Strategy.pdf. Tourism and Environment Initiative. 2001. A Sense of Place. Inverness. http://passthrough.fw-notify.net/download/695256 http://www.greentourism.org.uk/SOFP.PDF Wilcox, D. 2004. The Guide to Effective Participation. Retrieved 1/2/2009, from http://www.partnerships.org.uk/guide/index.htm. Section 12: Fens from and Economic Perspective Buss, S.R., Rivett, M.O., Morgan, P. and Bemment, C.D. (2005) Attenuation of nitrate in the subsurface environment. Environment Agency Science Report SC030155/SR2. Smith, J.W.N. (2005) Groundwater-surface water interactions in the hyporheic zone. Environment Agency Science Report SC030155/SR1. 329
Index A access 103, 110, 190, 226, 233, 244, 253, 255, 273 acidity 37, 43, 56, 65-6, 165, 186, 191, 195, 246 adsorption 56 agriculture 55, 58, 62, 72, 74, 83, 89, 113, 125, 170, 180, 183, 189, 206, 236, 259-60, 272, 320-1 alkalinity 43, 65, 191, 195, 197, 201 amphibians 14, 25, 28, 29, 105, 140, 274 Anglesey Fens 136, 167 anoxia 37, 145 aquifer 39, 42, 46, 83, 89, 92, 119, 145-6, 191, 195, 236-7, 261, 271 aquitard 46, 236 archaeology 7, 143, 180, 189 Area of Special Scientific Interest (ASSI) 81, 86, 90, 311 Aughnadarragh Lough 76 B baseline survey 222 beetles 30-3, 43, 98, 309, 317 benefits 10, 37, 101, 106-7, 109, 113, 117, 147, 165, 176, 180, 210, 242, 255, 259, 261, 265-6, 268-9 Biglands Bog 73, 83 birds 6-7, 14, 22, 24-5, 27, 31, 75, 81, 82, 106, 108, 113, 117-8, 121, 129, 148, 154, 190, 208, 224- 5, 245, 267, 274, 277-80, 301-4, 308, 313-4 boardwalks 240-1, 245-8, 255-6, 264 bog 8, 10, 13, 16-9, 34, 43, 46, 53-4, 68, 70, 75-6, 83, 85, 87, 89, 97, 106, 109, 126, 136, 147, 149, 152, 154, 158, 160-2, 165, 186, 203-4, 236, 240, 260, 274, 298, 310 Brackagh Bog 154 bryophytes 17, 216, 236, 289, 290-1, 297-9, 309 buffer zones 171, 175-6, 321 bunds 156, 177, 200 Bure Marshes 132-5 burning 58, 60, 84, 99, 113, 116-21, 126, 131-3, 161, 165, 178, 303 butterflies 31, 127, 132, 185, 223, 309, 311-2, 318 C carbon storage 10 carr 21-2, 24, 27, 31, 48, 75, 126, 163, 276, 279, 280, 286, 298, 302, 304, 315 chemistry 30, 55, 63, 65-6, 71, 83, 90, 93, 146, 191, 229, 297, 320-1 conductivity 65-6, 167, 229, 273 corer 197 Common Standards Monitoring (CSM) 68, 87, 215-7, 273, 311 cutting 27, 44, 45, 75, 78, 79, 90, 93-4, 97, 99-102, 112-6, 120, 123, 125-7, 132-4, 139, 141, 148, 154-5, 159, 161, 164, 169-70, 177-8, 208, 253, 257-8, 260, 266, 272, 279, 300-1, 303-5, 308, 312, 315-7, 320 330 D dams 157, 158 data 9, 30, 50, 70, 81, 155, 179, 188, 191-5, 210- 15, 219, 221-2, 225-7, 230-3, 236, 243, 312-3 analysis 233-35 storage 232 denitrification 59, 175, 261 designated sites 81, 214 dipwell 226-8, 232, 234 ditch 45, 88, 90, 146, 155, 157, 159, 167-8, 175-6, 182, 214, 228, 231, 300, 302, 310, 312, 320 dragonflies 7, 21, 31-2, 43, 148, 223-4, 310-2 dredging 50, 180, 300, 307-8 E ecological survey 82 education 94, 96, 244, 264 European Habitats Directive 34 eutrophic 44, 68, 97, 101, 163-4, 177, 180, 186, 286-9, 292 eutrophication 55, 58, 67, 97, 162, 196, 271 evapotranspiration 53, 192-3, 213 F fen creation 9-10, 146, 152, 184-9, 191-3, 195, 199, 201, 204-5, 263 benefits 186 checklist 191-2 constraints 189 planning and design 188 site assessment 198-201 vegetation establishment 201 fen harvester 116 fen hydrology 7, 37-8, 78, 143-4 fen products 8-9, 240, 258-9, 268 fen types basin 6, 34, 68, 86, 142-4, 187, 193 open water 6, 34, 68, 86, 142-4, 187, 193 spring 6, 34, 68, 86, 142-4, 187, 193 fertility 13, 37, 55, 67, 71-2, 150, 185, 196-7, 206, 231, 271-2, 291, 319, 325 fish 14, 26-9, 31, 33, 143, 278-9, 281, 301-3, 305-8, 316 flooding 28, 32-3, 37-8, 42, 44, 45, 55, 67, 68, 73, 75, 88-9, 94, 101-3, 113, 132, 134, 144, 146-7, 152, 162-4, 170, 186, 189, 194, 206, 208, 212, 231, 248, 261, 284, 286, 293, 298, 300, 302-5, 308, 316-7 funding sources 78, 241, 257, 266-7 G geology 63, 195 grazing 44, 100-2, 104, 107, 112, 127, 129-30, 134, 138, 170-1, 177-8, 207, 260, 273, 297, 307, 316-8 assessment 102 cattle 104 goats 107 livestock selection 107
Page 1 and 2:
The Fen Management Handbook Edited
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Acknowledgements Production of the
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1. Introduction and Basic Principle
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Estimates of the original coverage
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Guiding principles for fen manageme
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Section 12: Fens from an Economic P
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2.1 Diversity and conservation sign
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Part of Cropple How Mire in Cumbria
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The moss flora of base-rich springs
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Bog bean growing in a transitional
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Mesotrophic openwater transition fe
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Water shrews (Neomys fodiens), also
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2.4.1 Vegetated margins of open wat
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2.4.3 Grazed or cut fen in floodpla
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2.6 Amphibians Amphibians are depen
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The mud snail Omphiscola glabra (12
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Old trees and dead wood Continuous
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Vascular plants Flat-sedge Blysmus
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3. Understanding Fen Hydrology Quan
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Groundwater discharge to fens is us
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Water Table 3.4.1.4 Spring fed fen
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3.5 Factors determining fen type 3.
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- Flooding - frequency and magnitud
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3.7 Further information and advice
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Groundwater inflow. Groundwater lev
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It is likely that groundwater disch
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Case Study 3.3 Hydro(geo)logical im
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4. Understanding Fen Nutrients Nutr
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nutrients. For example, at high con
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4.2.1 Groundwater and surface water
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4.2.3 Point and diffuse sources of
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Area of acute nutrient enrichment o
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4.4 Classifying water chemistry usi
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4.6 Identifying nutrient enrichment
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Negative indicator species for diff
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Many of the floristic changes which
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Case Study 4.1 Understanding Fen Nu
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5.1 Why do fens need management? In
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5.2 Checklist of key stages in deci
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5.3.3 Scale Although fens are linke
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5.4 Site survey to establish what i
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variability and how these relate to
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- The fauna which inhabit the fen c
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- Prioritise objectives to achieve
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inundation are less likely to be sp
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5.13 References Barsoum, N., Anders
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Case Study 5.2 Fen Management and R
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- 14km of livestock fencing install
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Case Study 5.3 Fen Management and R
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6. Fen Management and Restoration -
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Both the benefits and potentially l
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Cattle forced by flooding to the ed
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At low/medium stocking density, cat
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Goats have narrow muzzles and a fle
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Fens usually feature a range of dif
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Excessive poaching where cattle hav
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extensive areas of wetlands which w
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‘Soft track’ machines, such as
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The design of the pipeline allows f
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Protocol for burning standing reedb
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Long rotation scrub clearance may b
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‘Bird-eye’ and incineration A t
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6.7 Restoring fen meadow Many forme
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Current Management The current mana
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Case Study 6.2 Fen Vegetation Manag
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species diversity of wetland passer
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The temptation to burn large areas
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Outcomes In the eight years that th
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Anglesey sites is now underway supp
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Close grazed short sward of sedges
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Turf cutting Turf cutting has been
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7.1 A framework to assist decision
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Surface water level change e.g. - a
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and the surface to acidify, resulti
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Smaller excavations are preferable
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Morton Lochs, which extend to appro
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Although shallow excavations are pr
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At Leighton Moss in Lancashire, are
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Excavating spoil within the area to
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uilt dams can only be formed in dit
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Case Study 7.1 Fen Water Management
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8. Managing Fen Nutrient Enrichment
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Summary table of key techniques for
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8.2 Managing the source of nutrient
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Marginal interceptor ditch at Cors
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8.3.4 Bund creation In some cases i
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emoval or soil stripping, both of w
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8.5 Monitoring nutrient reduction D
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Recent photo of stripped surface sh
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9.1 Scope for fen creation The Grea
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9.3 What type of fen? New fens can
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9.5 Restraints on fen creation Plan
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9.6 Check list of issues to conside
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9.7 Site assessment Planning and de
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LIDAR maps can provide a general un
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generally more acidic than silts an
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Site visits and careful assessment
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9.8.4 Plastic membranes On sites wi
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Use of seed bombs ‘Seed bombs’
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Experience has shown that the most
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9.10.2 Creation of niches for plant
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Meade, R. & Wheeler, B.D. 2007. Rai
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- On-going measurement of the effec
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with appropriate training. Providin
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10.3 Biological monitoring techniqu
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Undesirable species for key NVC com
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10.3.3 Vegetation Mapping An initia
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It is good practise to record with
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10.4 Biological monitoring techniqu
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for Ornithology, the Bat Conservati
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Box 2: Construction, installation a
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10.8 Monitoring surface water flows
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- Phytometric tests measure how wel
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Storage of data and information on
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period, simply because it is design
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Another consideration is the likely
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11.1 An historical perspective Poll
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Inviting volunteer involvement in f
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11.3.3 Stakeholders ‘Stakeholders
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have been designated under access a
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11.6.4 Boardwalks Boardwalks are no
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11.6.5 Water borne access Waterways
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- Explore opportunities to stimulat
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Case Study 11.1 Fens and people - S
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Case Study 11.2 Fens and People - H
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12. Fens from an Economic Perspecti
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12.1.3 Biomass energy and Biofuels
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12.2 Environmental regulation 12.2.
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the peat carbon store is depleted t
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Another mechanism for funding wetla
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Whitlaw Mosses in Scotland (see det
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12.8 References Dickie, I., Hughes,
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Nitrogen fixation conversion of gas
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Appendix III - List of species refe
Page 275 and 276: Table 1 - Mammal species associated
Page 277 and 278: 280 Bittern Botaurus stellaris All
Page 279 and 280: Grasshopper Warbler 282 Locustella
Page 281 and 282: Table 4 - Fish species associated w
Page 283 and 284: Table 5 - Legally protected inverte
Page 285 and 286: 288 Community Topogenous fens S24 P
Page 287 and 288: 290 Community S8 Scirpus lacustris
Page 289 and 290: 292 Community M11 Carex demissa - S
Page 291 and 292: 294 Community M23 Juncus effusus /
Page 293 and 294: Appendix V - Legal and regulatory c
Page 295 and 296: 298 Type of Works Guidance for UK C
Page 297 and 298: Appendix VI - Fen management for br
Page 299 and 300: However, three of the four species
Page 301 and 302: Sensitive periods Harvest mice bree
Page 303 and 304: species like bittern, and then drop
Page 305 and 306: Sensitive periods Species breed wit
Page 307 and 308: Great Crested Newt Great crested ne
Page 309 and 310: Appendix VIII - Fen management for
Page 311 and 312: Mollusca (snails, slugs and mussels
Page 313 and 314: Other than for rare or exceptional
Page 315 and 316: There is usually some degree of sub
Page 317 and 318: Management requirements for protect
Page 319 and 320: Appendix IX - Further reading Secti
Page 321 and 322: Koerselman, W., Bakker, S.A. & Blom
Page 323 and 324: Section 5: Fen Management and Resto
Page 325: Patzelt, A, Wild, U. and Jörg Pfad
Page 329: cutting 114 disposal 117 management
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Fen Management Handbook - Scottish Natural Heritage

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