Fen Management Handbook - Scottish Natural Heritage

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Brookes, S.J. 1993. Review of a method to monitor adult dragonfly populations. Journal of the British Dragonfly Society, 9: 1-14. Buglife (The Invertebrate Conservation Trust). 2006. Managing priority habitats for invertebrates. 2nd edition. CD. Buglife, Peterborough. Buisson, R., Wade, M., Cathcart, L., Hemmings, M., Manning, J & Mayer, L. 2008. The Drainage Channel Biodiversity Manual: Integrating wildlife and flood risk management. Association of Drainage Authorities and Natural England, Peterborough. Drake, C.M. 2004. Grazing marsh assemblages and site classification using invertebrates. English Nature Research Reports, no. 579. Drake, C.M., Lott, D.A., Alexander, K.N.A. & Webb, J. 2007. Surveying terrestrial and freshwater invertebrates for conservation evaluation. Natural England Research Report NERR005. Natural England, Sheffield. English Nature (undated). The habitat and management requirements of spined loach Cobitis taenia. No 244-English Nature Research Reports. Environment Agency. 1999. Otters and River Habitat Management. Environment Agency Foster, G.N. & Eyre, M.D. 1992. Classification and ranking of water beetle communities. UK Conservation, no. 1. Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough. Fowles, A.P., Alexander, K.N.A. & Key, R.S. 1999. The Saproxylic Quality Index: evaluating wooded habitats for the conservation of dead-wood Coleoptera. The Coleopterist, 8, 121-141. French, G. & Smallshire, D. 2008. Criteria for determining key Odonata sites in Great Britain. Journal of the British Dragonfly Society, 24(2), 54-61. Fuller, R.J. 1982. Bird Habitats in Britain. T. & A.D. Poyser, Calton, U.K. Gent, A.H & Gibson, S.D., eds. 1998. Herpetofauna Workers’ Manual. Joint Nature Conservation Committee. Gilbert, O & Anderson, P. 1998. Habitat Creation and Repair. Oxford University Press. Gilman, K. 1994. Hydrology and Wetland Conservation. John Wiley & Sons Hardey, J., Crick, H., Wernham, C., Riley, H., Etheridge, B. and Thompson, D.. 2006. Raptors: A Field Guide to Survey and Monitoring. Stationery Office (TSO) Scotland. Harris, S. and Yalden, D eds. 2008. Mammals of the British Isles: Handbook, 4th Edition. The Mammal Society. Hawke, C.J. & José, P.V. 1996. Reedbed Management for Commercial and Wildlife Interests. RSPB, Sandy, UK. Keddy, P. 2000. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation. Cambridge University Press. Kusler, J & Kentula, M. 1990. Wetland Creation and Restoration: The status of the science. Island Press. Merritt, A. 1994. Wetlands, Industry and Wildlife. A manual of principles and practices. The Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge, Glos., U.K. Morris, J., Mills, J., Burton, R., Hall, J., Dunderdale, J., Gowing, D., Gilbert, J & Spoor, G. 1997. Wet Fens for the Future: Feasibility Study Phase 2-A study of the economic, social and soil management implications of creating new wetlands in fenland. Cranfield University Mountford, J.O. & Cooke, A.I. 2003. Guidelines for the Management and Restoration of Lowland Wet Grassland. Defra, London. Pollard, E. & Yates, T.Y. 1993. Monitoring butterflies for ecology and conservation. Chapman & Hall, London. 321
Appendix IX – Further reading Section 1: Introduction Hobbs, R. J. & Lindenmayer, D. B., eds. 2007. Managing and Designing Landscapes for Conservation. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Rackham, O. 1994. An Illustrated History of the Countryside. London: Phoenix Illustrated, Orion Publishing Group. Section 2: Fen Flora and Fauna Cramp, S. (Ed.) 1977-1993. The Birds of the Western Palaearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Davies, C., Shelley, J., Harding, P., Mclean, I., Gardiner, R and Peirson, G. eds. 2004. Freshwater fishes in Britain: the species and their distribution. European Committee for the Conservation of Bryophytes (eds). 1995. Red Data Book of European Bryophytes. ECCB, Trondheim. Roper, E. 2008. Otters: Atkins Species Guide. Atkins Section 3: Understanding Fen Hydrology Acreman M. 2005. Impact assessment of Wetlands: focus of hydrological and hydrogeological issues. Phase 2 Report. Environment Agency R&D Project W6-091, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology project C01996. Boak R and Johnson D (2007). Hydrogeological impact appraisal for groundwater abstractions. Science Report Sc040020/SR2, Bristol, Environment Agency. Environment Agency (2003). A Guide to Monitoring Water Levels and Flows at Wetland Sites. National Groundwater and contaminated land centre, Environment Agency, Bristol. Wildlife Trusts’ Water Policy Team. 2005. Wildlife Trusts’ Wetland Restoration Manual. Section 4: Understanding Fen Nutrients Boeye, D., Van Straaten, D. & Verheyen, R.F. 1995. A recent transformation from poor to rich fen caused by artificial groundwater recharge. Journal of Hydrology, 169, 111-129. Boeye, D., Verhagen, B., Van Haesebroeck, V. & Verheyen, R.F. 1997. Nutrient limitation in species rich lowland fens. Journal of Vegetation Science, 8, 415-424. Bootsma. M.C., Van den Broek, T., Barendregt, A. & Beltman, B. 2002. Rehabilitation of acidified floating fens by addition of buffered surface water. Restoration Ecology, 10, 112-121. Boyer, M.L.H. & Wheeler, B.D. 1989. Vegetation patterns in spring-fed calcareous fens: Calcite precipitation and constraints on fertility. Journal of Ecology, 77, 597-609. Clymo, R.S. 1983. Peat. In: A.J.P. Gore, ed. Ecosystems of the World Volume 4A. Mires: Swamps, Bogs, Fen and Moor. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp 159-224. D’Arcy, B.J., Dils, R. & Kampas, T. 2000. Diffuse Pollution Impacts: The Environmental and Economic Impacts of Diffuse Pollution in the UK. Colchester: Terence Dalton Publishers. Davidson, T.E., Trepel, M. & Schrautze, J. 2002. Denitrification in drained and rewetted minerotrophic peat soils in Northern Germany (Pohnsdorfer Stauung). Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 2, 199-204. 322
Page 1 and 2:
The Fen Management Handbook Edited
Page 3 and 4:
Acknowledgements Production of the
Page 5 and 6:
1. Introduction and Basic Principle
Page 7 and 8:
Estimates of the original coverage
Page 9 and 10:
Guiding principles for fen manageme
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Section 12: Fens from an Economic P
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2.1 Diversity and conservation sign
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Part of Cropple How Mire in Cumbria
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The moss flora of base-rich springs
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Bog bean growing in a transitional
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Mesotrophic openwater transition fe
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Water shrews (Neomys fodiens), also
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2.4.1 Vegetated margins of open wat
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2.4.3 Grazed or cut fen in floodpla
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2.6 Amphibians Amphibians are depen
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The mud snail Omphiscola glabra (12
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Old trees and dead wood Continuous
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Vascular plants Flat-sedge Blysmus
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3. Understanding Fen Hydrology Quan
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Groundwater discharge to fens is us
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Water Table 3.4.1.4 Spring fed fen
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3.5 Factors determining fen type 3.
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- Flooding - frequency and magnitud
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3.7 Further information and advice
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Groundwater inflow. Groundwater lev
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It is likely that groundwater disch
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Case Study 3.3 Hydro(geo)logical im
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4. Understanding Fen Nutrients Nutr
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nutrients. For example, at high con
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4.2.1 Groundwater and surface water
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4.2.3 Point and diffuse sources of
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Area of acute nutrient enrichment o
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4.4 Classifying water chemistry usi
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4.6 Identifying nutrient enrichment
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Negative indicator species for diff
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Many of the floristic changes which
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Case Study 4.1 Understanding Fen Nu
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5.1 Why do fens need management? In
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5.2 Checklist of key stages in deci
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5.3.3 Scale Although fens are linke
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5.4 Site survey to establish what i
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variability and how these relate to
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- The fauna which inhabit the fen c
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- Prioritise objectives to achieve
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inundation are less likely to be sp
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5.13 References Barsoum, N., Anders
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Case Study 5.2 Fen Management and R
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- 14km of livestock fencing install
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Case Study 5.3 Fen Management and R
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6. Fen Management and Restoration -
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Both the benefits and potentially l
Page 103 and 104:
Cattle forced by flooding to the ed
Page 105 and 106:
At low/medium stocking density, cat
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Goats have narrow muzzles and a fle
Page 109 and 110:
Fens usually feature a range of dif
Page 111 and 112:
Excessive poaching where cattle hav
Page 113 and 114:
extensive areas of wetlands which w
Page 115 and 116:
‘Soft track’ machines, such as
Page 117 and 118:
The design of the pipeline allows f
Page 119 and 120:
Protocol for burning standing reedb
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Long rotation scrub clearance may b
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‘Bird-eye’ and incineration A t
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6.7 Restoring fen meadow Many forme
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Current Management The current mana
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Case Study 6.2 Fen Vegetation Manag
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species diversity of wetland passer
Page 133 and 134:
The temptation to burn large areas
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Outcomes In the eight years that th
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Anglesey sites is now underway supp
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Close grazed short sward of sedges
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Turf cutting Turf cutting has been
Page 143 and 144:
7.1 A framework to assist decision
Page 145 and 146:
Surface water level change e.g. - a
Page 147 and 148:
and the surface to acidify, resulti
Page 149 and 150:
Smaller excavations are preferable
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Morton Lochs, which extend to appro
Page 153 and 154:
Although shallow excavations are pr
Page 155 and 156:
At Leighton Moss in Lancashire, are
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Excavating spoil within the area to
Page 159 and 160:
uilt dams can only be formed in dit
Page 161 and 162:
Case Study 7.1 Fen Water Management
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Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
8. Managing Fen Nutrient Enrichment
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Summary table of key techniques for
Page 173 and 174:
8.2 Managing the source of nutrient
Page 175 and 176:
Marginal interceptor ditch at Cors
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8.3.4 Bund creation In some cases i
Page 179 and 180:
emoval or soil stripping, both of w
Page 181 and 182:
8.5 Monitoring nutrient reduction D
Page 183 and 184:
Recent photo of stripped surface sh
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9.1 Scope for fen creation The Grea
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9.3 What type of fen? New fens can
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9.5 Restraints on fen creation Plan
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9.6 Check list of issues to conside
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9.7 Site assessment Planning and de
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LIDAR maps can provide a general un
Page 197 and 198:
generally more acidic than silts an
Page 199 and 200:
Site visits and careful assessment
Page 201 and 202:
9.8.4 Plastic membranes On sites wi
Page 203 and 204:
Use of seed bombs ‘Seed bombs’
Page 205 and 206:
Experience has shown that the most
Page 207 and 208:
9.10.2 Creation of niches for plant
Page 209 and 210:
Meade, R. & Wheeler, B.D. 2007. Rai
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- On-going measurement of the effec
Page 213 and 214:
with appropriate training. Providin
Page 215 and 216:
10.3 Biological monitoring techniqu
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Undesirable species for key NVC com
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10.3.3 Vegetation Mapping An initia
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It is good practise to record with
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10.4 Biological monitoring techniqu
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for Ornithology, the Bat Conservati
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Box 2: Construction, installation a
Page 229 and 230:
10.8 Monitoring surface water flows
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- Phytometric tests measure how wel
Page 233 and 234:
Storage of data and information on
Page 235 and 236:
period, simply because it is design
Page 237 and 238:
Another consideration is the likely
Page 239 and 240:
11.1 An historical perspective Poll
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Inviting volunteer involvement in f
Page 243 and 244:
11.3.3 Stakeholders ‘Stakeholders
Page 245 and 246:
have been designated under access a
Page 247 and 248:
11.6.4 Boardwalks Boardwalks are no
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11.6.5 Water borne access Waterways
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- Explore opportunities to stimulat
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Case Study 11.1 Fens and people - S
Page 255 and 256:
Case Study 11.2 Fens and People - H
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12. Fens from an Economic Perspecti
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12.1.3 Biomass energy and Biofuels
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12.2 Environmental regulation 12.2.
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the peat carbon store is depleted t
Page 265 and 266:
Another mechanism for funding wetla
Page 267 and 268: Whitlaw Mosses in Scotland (see det
Page 269 and 270: 12.8 References Dickie, I., Hughes,
Page 271 and 272: Nitrogen fixation conversion of gas
Page 273 and 274: Appendix III - List of species refe
Page 275 and 276: Table 1 - Mammal species associated
Page 277 and 278: 280 Bittern Botaurus stellaris All
Page 279 and 280: Grasshopper Warbler 282 Locustella
Page 281 and 282: Table 4 - Fish species associated w
Page 283 and 284: Table 5 - Legally protected inverte
Page 285 and 286: 288 Community Topogenous fens S24 P
Page 287 and 288: 290 Community S8 Scirpus lacustris
Page 289 and 290: 292 Community M11 Carex demissa - S
Page 291 and 292: 294 Community M23 Juncus effusus /
Page 293 and 294: Appendix V - Legal and regulatory c
Page 295 and 296: 298 Type of Works Guidance for UK C
Page 297 and 298: Appendix VI - Fen management for br
Page 299 and 300: However, three of the four species
Page 301 and 302: Sensitive periods Harvest mice bree
Page 303 and 304: species like bittern, and then drop
Page 305 and 306: Sensitive periods Species breed wit
Page 307 and 308: Great Crested Newt Great crested ne
Page 309 and 310: Appendix VIII - Fen management for
Page 311 and 312: Mollusca (snails, slugs and mussels
Page 313 and 314: Other than for rare or exceptional
Page 315 and 316: There is usually some degree of sub
Page 317: Management requirements for protect
Page 321 and 322: Koerselman, W., Bakker, S.A. & Blom
Page 323 and 324: Section 5: Fen Management and Resto
Page 325 and 326: Patzelt, A, Wild, U. and Jörg Pfad
Page 327 and 328: Index A access 103, 110, 190, 226,
Page 329: cutting 114 disposal 117 management
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