Fen Management Handbook - Scottish Natural Heritage

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Greater pond sedge Carex riparia Greater reedmace Typha latifolia Greater tussock sedge Carex paniculata Great hairy willow herb Epilobium hirsutum Grey willow Salix cinerea Guelder rose Viburnum opulus Heather Calluna vulgaris Hemp agrimony Eupatorium cannabinum Lesser clubmoss Selaginella selaginoides Lesser pond sedge Carex acutiformis Lesser reedmace Typha angustifolia Lesser tussock sedge Carex diandra Lesser water parsnip Berula erecta Marestail Hippuris vulgaris Marsh bedstraw Galium palustre Marsh cinquefoil Potentilla palustris Marsh earwort Jamesoniella undulifolia Marsh fern Thelypteris palustris Marsh helleborine Epipactis palustris Marsh lousewort Pedicularis palustris Marsh pea Lathyrus palustris Marsh St. John’s wort Hypericum elodes Marsh valerian Valeriana dioica Meadowsweet Filipendula ulmaria Milk parsley Peucedanum palustre Narrow leaved marsh orchid Dactylorhiza traunsteineroides Oak Quercus robur and Q. petraea Osier Salix viminalis Purple loosestrife Lythrum salicaria Purple moorgrass Molinia caerulea Ragged robin Lychnis flos-cuculi Reedmace Typha latifolia Reed canarygrass Phalaris arundinacea Reed sweetgrass Glyceria maxima Round leaved sundew Drosera rotundifolia Rowan Sorbus aucuparia Saw sedge Cladium mariscus Scots pine Pinus sylvestris Slender sedge Carex lasiocarpa Soft rush Juncus effusus Stinging nettles Urtica dioica Tufted sedge Carex elata Water horsetail Equisetum fluviatile Whitebeak sedge Rhynchospora alba Willow Salix spp. Yellow iris Iris pseudacorus Yellow loosestrife Lysimachia vulgaris 277
Table 1 – Mammal species associated with fens 278 Name Scientific name Water Vole Arvicola terrestris Water Shrew Neomys fodiens Harvest Mouse Micromys minuta Protection in law / policy Wildlife & Countryside Act (full protection) UKBAP Priority Species Wildlife & Countryside Act (full protection) UKBAP Priority Species Otter Lutra lutra Conservation Regulations Wildlife & Countryside Act (full protection) UKBAP Priority Species Bats Conservation Regulations (all UK species) Wildlife & Countryside Act (all UK species) (full protection) UKBAP Priority Species (Barbastelle, Bechstein’s, Noctule, Brown Long-eared, Soprano Pipistrelle Greater Horseshoe and Lesser Horseshoe) Preferred habitat Prefers sites with wide swathes of riparian vegetation, both growing from the banks and from the water. Banks of earth or silt-shored banks and slow flowing, relatively deep water (over 1m depth) that are not over shaded by trees are also preferred. Found along the banks of fast and slow-flowing rivers and streams, static water such as canals, ponds, lakes and ditches and in fen, marsh and reed-beds. Tall, dense grassy vegetation such as reedbeds, rushes and ditches Still (lochs, lakes, ditches, gravel pits) and running (rivers, streams) freshwater systems, coastal saline systems. In addition to rivers and coastlines the following can be important for breeding, feeding and resting: (Environment Agency, 1999) Mature broadleaved woodland Scrub and other tall bankside vegetation Reedbed, sedge beds and willow carr Small streams, ditches and dykes Vegetated mid-channel islands <strong>Fen</strong>s, rivers and open water are often important foraging habitats for bats. Linear features (particularly hedgerows) and edge habitats (e.g. woodland edges) can be important commuting and foraging routes. Roosts may occur in trees and buildings on sites. Daubenton’s Bat has particular association with foraging over aquatic habitats
Page 1 and 2:
The Fen Management Handbook Edited
Page 3 and 4:
Acknowledgements Production of the
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1. Introduction and Basic Principle
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Estimates of the original coverage
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Guiding principles for fen manageme
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Section 12: Fens from an Economic P
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2.1 Diversity and conservation sign
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Part of Cropple How Mire in Cumbria
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The moss flora of base-rich springs
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Bog bean growing in a transitional
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Mesotrophic openwater transition fe
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Water shrews (Neomys fodiens), also
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2.4.1 Vegetated margins of open wat
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2.4.3 Grazed or cut fen in floodpla
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2.6 Amphibians Amphibians are depen
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The mud snail Omphiscola glabra (12
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Old trees and dead wood Continuous
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Vascular plants Flat-sedge Blysmus
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3. Understanding Fen Hydrology Quan
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Groundwater discharge to fens is us
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Water Table 3.4.1.4 Spring fed fen
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3.5 Factors determining fen type 3.
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- Flooding - frequency and magnitud
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3.7 Further information and advice
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Groundwater inflow. Groundwater lev
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It is likely that groundwater disch
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Case Study 3.3 Hydro(geo)logical im
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4. Understanding Fen Nutrients Nutr
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nutrients. For example, at high con
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4.2.1 Groundwater and surface water
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4.2.3 Point and diffuse sources of
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Area of acute nutrient enrichment o
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4.4 Classifying water chemistry usi
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4.6 Identifying nutrient enrichment
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Negative indicator species for diff
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Many of the floristic changes which
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Case Study 4.1 Understanding Fen Nu
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5.1 Why do fens need management? In
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5.2 Checklist of key stages in deci
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5.3.3 Scale Although fens are linke
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5.4 Site survey to establish what i
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variability and how these relate to
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- The fauna which inhabit the fen c
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- Prioritise objectives to achieve
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inundation are less likely to be sp
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5.13 References Barsoum, N., Anders
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Case Study 5.2 Fen Management and R
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- 14km of livestock fencing install
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Case Study 5.3 Fen Management and R
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6. Fen Management and Restoration -
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Both the benefits and potentially l
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Cattle forced by flooding to the ed
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At low/medium stocking density, cat
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Goats have narrow muzzles and a fle
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Fens usually feature a range of dif
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Excessive poaching where cattle hav
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extensive areas of wetlands which w
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‘Soft track’ machines, such as
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The design of the pipeline allows f
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Protocol for burning standing reedb
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Long rotation scrub clearance may b
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‘Bird-eye’ and incineration A t
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6.7 Restoring fen meadow Many forme
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Current Management The current mana
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Case Study 6.2 Fen Vegetation Manag
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species diversity of wetland passer
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The temptation to burn large areas
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Outcomes In the eight years that th
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Anglesey sites is now underway supp
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Close grazed short sward of sedges
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Turf cutting Turf cutting has been
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7.1 A framework to assist decision
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Surface water level change e.g. - a
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and the surface to acidify, resulti
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Smaller excavations are preferable
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Morton Lochs, which extend to appro
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Although shallow excavations are pr
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At Leighton Moss in Lancashire, are
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Excavating spoil within the area to
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uilt dams can only be formed in dit
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Case Study 7.1 Fen Water Management
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8. Managing Fen Nutrient Enrichment
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Summary table of key techniques for
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8.2 Managing the source of nutrient
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Marginal interceptor ditch at Cors
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8.3.4 Bund creation In some cases i
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emoval or soil stripping, both of w
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8.5 Monitoring nutrient reduction D
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Recent photo of stripped surface sh
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9.1 Scope for fen creation The Grea
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9.3 What type of fen? New fens can
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9.5 Restraints on fen creation Plan
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9.6 Check list of issues to conside
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9.7 Site assessment Planning and de
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LIDAR maps can provide a general un
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generally more acidic than silts an
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Site visits and careful assessment
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9.8.4 Plastic membranes On sites wi
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Use of seed bombs ‘Seed bombs’
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Experience has shown that the most
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9.10.2 Creation of niches for plant
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Meade, R. & Wheeler, B.D. 2007. Rai
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- On-going measurement of the effec
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with appropriate training. Providin
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10.3 Biological monitoring techniqu
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Undesirable species for key NVC com
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10.3.3 Vegetation Mapping An initia
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It is good practise to record with
Page 223 and 224: 10.4 Biological monitoring techniqu
Page 225 and 226: for Ornithology, the Bat Conservati
Page 227 and 228: Box 2: Construction, installation a
Page 229 and 230: 10.8 Monitoring surface water flows
Page 231 and 232: - Phytometric tests measure how wel
Page 233 and 234: Storage of data and information on
Page 235 and 236: period, simply because it is design
Page 237 and 238: Another consideration is the likely
Page 239 and 240: 11.1 An historical perspective Poll
Page 241 and 242: Inviting volunteer involvement in f
Page 243 and 244: 11.3.3 Stakeholders ‘Stakeholders
Page 245 and 246: have been designated under access a
Page 247 and 248: 11.6.4 Boardwalks Boardwalks are no
Page 249 and 250: 11.6.5 Water borne access Waterways
Page 251 and 252: - Explore opportunities to stimulat
Page 253 and 254: Case Study 11.1 Fens and people - S
Page 255 and 256: Case Study 11.2 Fens and People - H
Page 257 and 258: 12. Fens from an Economic Perspecti
Page 259 and 260: 12.1.3 Biomass energy and Biofuels
Page 261 and 262: 12.2 Environmental regulation 12.2.
Page 263 and 264: the peat carbon store is depleted t
Page 265 and 266: Another mechanism for funding wetla
Page 267 and 268: Whitlaw Mosses in Scotland (see det
Page 269 and 270: 12.8 References Dickie, I., Hughes,
Page 271 and 272: Nitrogen fixation conversion of gas
Page 273: Appendix III - List of species refe
Page 277 and 278: 280 Bittern Botaurus stellaris All
Page 279 and 280: Grasshopper Warbler 282 Locustella
Page 281 and 282: Table 4 - Fish species associated w
Page 283 and 284: Table 5 - Legally protected inverte
Page 285 and 286: 288 Community Topogenous fens S24 P
Page 287 and 288: 290 Community S8 Scirpus lacustris
Page 289 and 290: 292 Community M11 Carex demissa - S
Page 291 and 292: 294 Community M23 Juncus effusus /
Page 293 and 294: Appendix V - Legal and regulatory c
Page 295 and 296: 298 Type of Works Guidance for UK C
Page 297 and 298: Appendix VI - Fen management for br
Page 299 and 300: However, three of the four species
Page 301 and 302: Sensitive periods Harvest mice bree
Page 303 and 304: species like bittern, and then drop
Page 305 and 306: Sensitive periods Species breed wit
Page 307 and 308: Great Crested Newt Great crested ne
Page 309 and 310: Appendix VIII - Fen management for
Page 311 and 312: Mollusca (snails, slugs and mussels
Page 313 and 314: Other than for rare or exceptional
Page 315 and 316: There is usually some degree of sub
Page 317 and 318: Management requirements for protect
Page 319 and 320: Appendix IX - Further reading Secti
Page 321 and 322: Koerselman, W., Bakker, S.A. & Blom
Page 323 and 324: Section 5: Fen Management and Resto
Page 325 and 326:
Patzelt, A, Wild, U. and Jörg Pfad
Page 327 and 328:
Index A access 103, 110, 190, 226,
Page 329:
cutting 114 disposal 117 management
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Fen Management Handbook - Scottish Natural Heritage

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