Fen Management Handbook - Scottish Natural Heritage

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Three-spined stickleback Nine-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus Pungitius pungitius Ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus All types of water bodies, except rivers with swift currents All types of water bodies, except rivers with swift currents Wide range of freshwater habitats but absent from small ponds and fastflowing rivers Perch Perca fluviatilis Still-water and fast-flowing water Widespread Widespread Formerly confined to the catchments of English Lowland rivers draining to the North Sea, but has been introduced westwards and northwards. Widespread The criteria for selecting species for the table were: - Species which require, fast flowing, well oxygenated water were not included. - Species present in remote lochs, i.e. vendace were not included. - Species which can and/or prefer lowland rivers, drains, slow flowing; turbid, low oxygen concentration and still water bodies were included. - Species which can survive in still waters, but need fast-flowing streams to breed, i.e. Barbel were not included. - Non-native species, such as zander were not included. Spined loach is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive, but none of the species in Table 4 receive legal protection or are UKBAP Priority Species. 285
Table 5 – Legally protected invertebrate species possibly occurring in fen habitats 286 Name Lesser whirlpool ramshorn Narrow-mouthed whorl snail Desmoulin’s whorl snail Scientific name Anisus vorticulus Vertigo angustior Vertigo moulinsiana Medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis White-clawed crayfish Southern damselfly Austropotamobius pallipes Coenagrion mercuriale Norfolk hawker Aeshna isosceles Mole cricket Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa Lesser silver water beetle Hydrochara caraboides Marsh fritillary Eurodryas aurinia Swallowtail butterfly Papilio machaon britannicus <strong>Fen</strong> raft-spider Dolomedes plantarius Protection in law Conservation Regulations Wildlife & Countryside Act (full protection) UKBAP Priority Species Conservation Regulations (SAC designations only) Conservation Regulations (SAC designations only) Wildlife & Countryside Act (full protection) Conservation Regulations (SAC designations only) Wildlife & Countryside Act (taking and sale only) Conservation Regulations (SAC designations only) Wildlife & Countryside Act (full protection) Wildlife & Countryside Act (full protection) Wildlife & Countryside Act (full protection) Wildlife & Countryside Act (full protection) Conservation Regulations (SAC designations only) Wildlife & Countryside Act (full protection) Wildlife & Countryside Act (full protection) Wildlife & Countryside Act (full protection) Preferred habitat Unshaded ditches and drains with a rich flora; a species of drains in grazing levels rather than fens, but may be fen-associated Unshaded short vegetation on marshy ground of high, even humidity, subject neither to periodic desiccation nor to deep or prolonged flooding Tall wetland vegetation, chiefly beds of grasses or sedges, growing on wet, but not deeply flooded, ground Lakes or ponds with dense stands of water plants; remaining British populations are essentially randomly scattered chance survivals Streams and rivers; peripheral to fen habitat, but potentially closely associated with fens Shallow, slow-flowing, unshaded, base-rich runnels and streams Well-vegetated unshaded drainage ditches; a species of grazing marshes rather than fens, but its drains may be fen-associated Exact requirements uncertain. No recent records Well-vegetated unshaded ditches and ponds; recent records are from grazing levels ditches and from field ponds, but older records are from fens and ditches may be fen-associated Grazed grassland with varied structure including large stands of devil’s-bit scabious (Succisa pratensis); able to live in a range of grassland types provided these requirements are met, and intolerant of very wet conditions Tall herbaceous fen vegetation with abundant Cambridge milk-parsley (Peucedanumm palustre) Small pools with overhanging coarse herbaceous vegetation; also known from grazing marsh drains
Page 1 and 2:
The Fen Management Handbook Edited
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Acknowledgements Production of the
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1. Introduction and Basic Principle
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Estimates of the original coverage
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Guiding principles for fen manageme
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Section 12: Fens from an Economic P
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2.1 Diversity and conservation sign
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Part of Cropple How Mire in Cumbria
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The moss flora of base-rich springs
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Bog bean growing in a transitional
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Mesotrophic openwater transition fe
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Water shrews (Neomys fodiens), also
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2.4.1 Vegetated margins of open wat
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2.4.3 Grazed or cut fen in floodpla
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2.6 Amphibians Amphibians are depen
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The mud snail Omphiscola glabra (12
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Old trees and dead wood Continuous
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Vascular plants Flat-sedge Blysmus
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3. Understanding Fen Hydrology Quan
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Groundwater discharge to fens is us
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Water Table 3.4.1.4 Spring fed fen
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3.5 Factors determining fen type 3.
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- Flooding - frequency and magnitud
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3.7 Further information and advice
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Groundwater inflow. Groundwater lev
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It is likely that groundwater disch
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Case Study 3.3 Hydro(geo)logical im
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4. Understanding Fen Nutrients Nutr
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nutrients. For example, at high con
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4.2.1 Groundwater and surface water
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4.2.3 Point and diffuse sources of
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Area of acute nutrient enrichment o
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4.4 Classifying water chemistry usi
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4.6 Identifying nutrient enrichment
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Negative indicator species for diff
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Many of the floristic changes which
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Case Study 4.1 Understanding Fen Nu
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5.1 Why do fens need management? In
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5.2 Checklist of key stages in deci
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5.3.3 Scale Although fens are linke
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5.4 Site survey to establish what i
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variability and how these relate to
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- The fauna which inhabit the fen c
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- Prioritise objectives to achieve
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inundation are less likely to be sp
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5.13 References Barsoum, N., Anders
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Case Study 5.2 Fen Management and R
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- 14km of livestock fencing install
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Case Study 5.3 Fen Management and R
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6. Fen Management and Restoration -
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Both the benefits and potentially l
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Cattle forced by flooding to the ed
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At low/medium stocking density, cat
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Goats have narrow muzzles and a fle
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Fens usually feature a range of dif
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Excessive poaching where cattle hav
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extensive areas of wetlands which w
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‘Soft track’ machines, such as
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The design of the pipeline allows f
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Protocol for burning standing reedb
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Long rotation scrub clearance may b
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‘Bird-eye’ and incineration A t
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6.7 Restoring fen meadow Many forme
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Current Management The current mana
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Case Study 6.2 Fen Vegetation Manag
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species diversity of wetland passer
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The temptation to burn large areas
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Outcomes In the eight years that th
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Anglesey sites is now underway supp
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Close grazed short sward of sedges
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Turf cutting Turf cutting has been
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7.1 A framework to assist decision
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Surface water level change e.g. - a
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and the surface to acidify, resulti
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Smaller excavations are preferable
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Morton Lochs, which extend to appro
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Although shallow excavations are pr
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At Leighton Moss in Lancashire, are
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Excavating spoil within the area to
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uilt dams can only be formed in dit
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Case Study 7.1 Fen Water Management
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8. Managing Fen Nutrient Enrichment
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Summary table of key techniques for
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8.2 Managing the source of nutrient
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Marginal interceptor ditch at Cors
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8.3.4 Bund creation In some cases i
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emoval or soil stripping, both of w
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8.5 Monitoring nutrient reduction D
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Recent photo of stripped surface sh
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9.1 Scope for fen creation The Grea
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9.3 What type of fen? New fens can
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9.5 Restraints on fen creation Plan
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9.6 Check list of issues to conside
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9.7 Site assessment Planning and de
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LIDAR maps can provide a general un
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generally more acidic than silts an
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Site visits and careful assessment
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9.8.4 Plastic membranes On sites wi
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Use of seed bombs ‘Seed bombs’
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Experience has shown that the most
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9.10.2 Creation of niches for plant
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Meade, R. & Wheeler, B.D. 2007. Rai
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- On-going measurement of the effec
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with appropriate training. Providin
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10.3 Biological monitoring techniqu
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Undesirable species for key NVC com
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10.3.3 Vegetation Mapping An initia
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It is good practise to record with
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10.4 Biological monitoring techniqu
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for Ornithology, the Bat Conservati
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Box 2: Construction, installation a
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10.8 Monitoring surface water flows
Page 231 and 232: - Phytometric tests measure how wel
Page 233 and 234: Storage of data and information on
Page 235 and 236: period, simply because it is design
Page 237 and 238: Another consideration is the likely
Page 239 and 240: 11.1 An historical perspective Poll
Page 241 and 242: Inviting volunteer involvement in f
Page 243 and 244: 11.3.3 Stakeholders ‘Stakeholders
Page 245 and 246: have been designated under access a
Page 247 and 248: 11.6.4 Boardwalks Boardwalks are no
Page 249 and 250: 11.6.5 Water borne access Waterways
Page 251 and 252: - Explore opportunities to stimulat
Page 253 and 254: Case Study 11.1 Fens and people - S
Page 255 and 256: Case Study 11.2 Fens and People - H
Page 257 and 258: 12. Fens from an Economic Perspecti
Page 259 and 260: 12.1.3 Biomass energy and Biofuels
Page 261 and 262: 12.2 Environmental regulation 12.2.
Page 263 and 264: the peat carbon store is depleted t
Page 265 and 266: Another mechanism for funding wetla
Page 267 and 268: Whitlaw Mosses in Scotland (see det
Page 269 and 270: 12.8 References Dickie, I., Hughes,
Page 271 and 272: Nitrogen fixation conversion of gas
Page 273 and 274: Appendix III - List of species refe
Page 275 and 276: Table 1 - Mammal species associated
Page 277 and 278: 280 Bittern Botaurus stellaris All
Page 279 and 280: Grasshopper Warbler 282 Locustella
Page 281: Table 4 - Fish species associated w
Page 285 and 286: 288 Community Topogenous fens S24 P
Page 287 and 288: 290 Community S8 Scirpus lacustris
Page 289 and 290: 292 Community M11 Carex demissa - S
Page 291 and 292: 294 Community M23 Juncus effusus /
Page 293 and 294: Appendix V - Legal and regulatory c
Page 295 and 296: 298 Type of Works Guidance for UK C
Page 297 and 298: Appendix VI - Fen management for br
Page 299 and 300: However, three of the four species
Page 301 and 302: Sensitive periods Harvest mice bree
Page 303 and 304: species like bittern, and then drop
Page 305 and 306: Sensitive periods Species breed wit
Page 307 and 308: Great Crested Newt Great crested ne
Page 309 and 310: Appendix VIII - Fen management for
Page 311 and 312: Mollusca (snails, slugs and mussels
Page 313 and 314: Other than for rare or exceptional
Page 315 and 316: There is usually some degree of sub
Page 317 and 318: Management requirements for protect
Page 319 and 320: Appendix IX - Further reading Secti
Page 321 and 322: Koerselman, W., Bakker, S.A. & Blom
Page 323 and 324: Section 5: Fen Management and Resto
Page 325 and 326: Patzelt, A, Wild, U. and Jörg Pfad
Page 327 and 328: Index A access 103, 110, 190, 226,
Page 329: cutting 114 disposal 117 management
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Fen Management Handbook - Scottish Natural Heritage

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