Fen Management Handbook - Scottish Natural Heritage

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Roworth, P. & Meade, R. 1998. Pumping Shirley Pool. Enact 6 (2), 12-13. Van Andel, J. & Aronson, J. 2006. Restoration Ecology: The New Frontier. Blackwell, Oxford. Walker, D. 1970. Direction and rate in some British post-glacial hydroseres. In: Studies in the vegetational history of the British Isles (eds. D. Walker and R.G. West), pp.117-140. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Section 9: Fen Creation Baines, C & Smart, J. 1984. A Guide to Habitat Creation: Ecology Handbook No.2. Greater London Council. Beecroft, R. 1998. Kingfishers Bridge. A new wetland in the fens. Enact 6 (2), 4-6. Boeye, D., van Straaten, D. & Verheyen, R. F. 1995. A recent transformation from poor to rich fen caused by artificial groundwater recharge. Journal of Hydrology 169, 111-129. Bowler, P. & Warwick, S. 2004. Natural wetlands from an artificial site. Conservation Land Management 2(2), 16-18. Burgess, G. 1998. Windpumps return to the wetlands. Enact 6 (4), 19-22. Cobbaert, D. & Rochefort, L. 2002. Restoration of a natural fen community following peat extraction in eastern Canada. pp. 202-211. In: G. Schmilewski and L. Rochefort (eds.) Proceedings of the International Peat Symposium Peat in Horticulture: Quality and Environmental Challenges, Pärnu, Estonia, September 3-6, 2002, pp. 202-211. International Peat Society, Jyväskylä, Finland. Galatowitsch, S., R. & van der Valk, A. 1996. The vegetation of restored and natural prairie wetlands. Ecological Applications 6, 102-112. Goudie, A.S. & Brunsden, D. 1994. The Environment of the British Isles – An Atlas. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Grootjans, A.P., Bakker, J.P., Jansen, A.J.M. & Kemmers, R.H. 2002. Restoration of brook valley meadows in the Netherlands. Hydrobiologia 478 (1-2), 149-170. Horner, R. & Bowell, H. 2003. Will Leighton Moss boom again? Conservation Land Management 1(3), 8-11. Hawke, C.J. & José, P.V. 1996. Reedbed Management for Commercial and Wildlife Interests. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy. Headley, A.D. 2004. Substratum enrichment at Crymlyn Bog Csac, South Wales: An analysis of current and future impacts with particular reference to SAC feature fen communities. University of Bradford, Bradford. Isselstein, J. Tallowin, J. R. B. and Smith, R. E. N. 2002. Factors Affecting Seed Germination and Seedling Establishment of Fen-Meadow Species. Restoration Ecology 10(2), 173-184 Meissner, R., Rupp, H., Leinweber, P. 2003. Re-wetting of fen soils and changes in water quality - experimental results and further research. Journal of Water and Land Development, 7, 75-91. Morris, J., Hess, T. M., Gowing, D. J., Leeds-Harrison, P. B., Bannister, N., Wade, M. and Vivash, R. M. 2004. Integrated Washland Management for Flood Defence and Biodiversity. Report to Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs & English Nature. Cranfield University at Silsoe, Bedfordshire, UK. March 2004 Newbold, C. & Mountford, O. 1997. Water level requirements of wetland plants and animals. Freshwater Series Number 5. English Nature, Peterborough. Parker, D. 1995. Habitat creation-a critical guide. English Nature. Perrow, M & Davy, A eds. 2002. Handbook of Ecological Restoration. Volume 1: Principles of Restoration. Cambridge University Press. 327
Patzelt, A, Wild, U. and Jörg Pfadenhauer, J. 2001. Restoration of Wet Fen Meadows by Topsoil Removal: Vegetation Development and Germination Biology of Fen Species. Restoration Ecology 9(2), 127-136 Sliva, J. 1998. The effect of secondary plant cover on microclimate of post-harvested bogs. In: Sopo, R. (ed.) Proceedings of the 1998 International Peat Symposium. The spirit of peatlands, pp. 179-181. International Peat Society, Jyväskylä. Tallowin, J. R. B. and Smith, R. E. N. 2001 Restoration of a Cirsio-Molinietum Fen Meadow on an Agriculturally Improved Pasture. Restoration Ecology 9 (2), 167-178 Taylor, D. (1997). Avalon’s new wetlands. Enact 5 (2), 16-19. van der Valk, A., Bremholm, T. & Gordon, E. 1999. The restoration of sedge meadows: seed viability, seed germination requirements, and seedling growth of Carex species. Wetlands 19, 756- 764. Wheeler, B.D. & Shaw, S.C. (1995). A focus on fens – controls on the composition of fen vegetation in relation to restoration. In: Restoration of Temperate Wetlands (eds. B. D. Wheeler, S.C. Shaw, W.F. Fojt & R.A. Robertson), pp.49-72. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. Wheeler, B.D.,Gowing, D.J.G., Shaw, S.C., Mountford, J.O. & Money, R.P. 2004. Ecohydrological guidelines for lowland wetland plant communities. Final report Environment Agency – Anglian Region (ed. A.W. Brooks, P.V. José & M.I. Whiteman). Environment Agency, Peterborough. Wheeler, B.D., Shaw, S.C. & Cook, R.E.D. 1991. Phytometric assessment of the fertility of undrained rich-fen soils. Journal of Applied Ecology 29, 466-475. Worrall, P. & Peberdy, K. 1994. Wastewater to warblers. Enact 2 (2), 4-6. A guide to farmers on the planning system. http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/143516.pdf Section 10: Monitoring to inform fen management Gavin, H. 2003. Scoping study on guidance for the monitoring of wetlands under the requirements of the Water Framework Directive. Environment Agency WFD Technical Report EMC(02)01/ TR. Atkins Consultants. Gent, T. and Gibson, S. 2003. The herpetofauna worker’s manual. JNCC. ISBN 1861074506. Herschy, R.W. 2008. Streamflow measurement. Taylor & Francis, Oxford, UK. ISBN 0415413427. Hill. M.O., Mountford J.O., Roy D.B., Bunce R.G.H. Ellenberg’s Indicator Values for British Plants. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology 1999. ISBN 1870393481 Hill, D., Fasham, M., Tucker, G., Shewry, M. & Shaw, P. (eds). 2005. Handbook of Biodiversity Methods: Survey, Evaluation and Monitoring. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Hill. M.O., Preston C.D., Bosanquet S.D.S., Roy D.B. 2007. Attributes of British and Irish Mosses. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. ISBN 1855312364 Killeen, I.J. and Moorkens, E.A. 2003. Monitoring Desmoulin’s Whorl Snail (Vertigo Moulinsiana). Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers Monitoring Series No. 6, English Nature, Peterborough. Taylor, R. T. 1997. An introduction to error analysis. University Science Books, California, USA. ISBN 093570275X. Thompson, D.J., Purse, B.V. and Rouquette, J.R. 2003. Monitoring the Southern Damselfly (Coenagrion mercuriale). Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers Monitoring Series No. 8, English Nature, Peterborough. 328
Page 1 and 2:
The Fen Management Handbook Edited
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Acknowledgements Production of the
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1. Introduction and Basic Principle
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Estimates of the original coverage
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Guiding principles for fen manageme
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Section 12: Fens from an Economic P
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2.1 Diversity and conservation sign
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Part of Cropple How Mire in Cumbria
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The moss flora of base-rich springs
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Bog bean growing in a transitional
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Mesotrophic openwater transition fe
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Water shrews (Neomys fodiens), also
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2.4.1 Vegetated margins of open wat
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2.4.3 Grazed or cut fen in floodpla
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2.6 Amphibians Amphibians are depen
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The mud snail Omphiscola glabra (12
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Old trees and dead wood Continuous
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Vascular plants Flat-sedge Blysmus
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3. Understanding Fen Hydrology Quan
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Groundwater discharge to fens is us
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Water Table 3.4.1.4 Spring fed fen
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3.5 Factors determining fen type 3.
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- Flooding - frequency and magnitud
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3.7 Further information and advice
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Groundwater inflow. Groundwater lev
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It is likely that groundwater disch
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Case Study 3.3 Hydro(geo)logical im
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4. Understanding Fen Nutrients Nutr
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nutrients. For example, at high con
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4.2.1 Groundwater and surface water
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4.2.3 Point and diffuse sources of
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Area of acute nutrient enrichment o
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4.4 Classifying water chemistry usi
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4.6 Identifying nutrient enrichment
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Negative indicator species for diff
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Many of the floristic changes which
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Case Study 4.1 Understanding Fen Nu
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5.1 Why do fens need management? In
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5.2 Checklist of key stages in deci
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5.3.3 Scale Although fens are linke
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5.4 Site survey to establish what i
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variability and how these relate to
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- The fauna which inhabit the fen c
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- Prioritise objectives to achieve
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inundation are less likely to be sp
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5.13 References Barsoum, N., Anders
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Case Study 5.2 Fen Management and R
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- 14km of livestock fencing install
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Case Study 5.3 Fen Management and R
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6. Fen Management and Restoration -
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Both the benefits and potentially l
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Cattle forced by flooding to the ed
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At low/medium stocking density, cat
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Goats have narrow muzzles and a fle
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Fens usually feature a range of dif
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Excessive poaching where cattle hav
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extensive areas of wetlands which w
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‘Soft track’ machines, such as
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The design of the pipeline allows f
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Protocol for burning standing reedb
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Long rotation scrub clearance may b
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‘Bird-eye’ and incineration A t
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6.7 Restoring fen meadow Many forme
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Current Management The current mana
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Case Study 6.2 Fen Vegetation Manag
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species diversity of wetland passer
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The temptation to burn large areas
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Outcomes In the eight years that th
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Anglesey sites is now underway supp
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Close grazed short sward of sedges
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Turf cutting Turf cutting has been
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7.1 A framework to assist decision
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Surface water level change e.g. - a
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and the surface to acidify, resulti
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Smaller excavations are preferable
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Morton Lochs, which extend to appro
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Although shallow excavations are pr
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At Leighton Moss in Lancashire, are
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Excavating spoil within the area to
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uilt dams can only be formed in dit
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Case Study 7.1 Fen Water Management
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8. Managing Fen Nutrient Enrichment
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Summary table of key techniques for
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8.2 Managing the source of nutrient
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Marginal interceptor ditch at Cors
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8.3.4 Bund creation In some cases i
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emoval or soil stripping, both of w
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8.5 Monitoring nutrient reduction D
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Recent photo of stripped surface sh
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9.1 Scope for fen creation The Grea
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9.3 What type of fen? New fens can
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9.5 Restraints on fen creation Plan
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9.6 Check list of issues to conside
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9.7 Site assessment Planning and de
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LIDAR maps can provide a general un
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generally more acidic than silts an
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Site visits and careful assessment
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9.8.4 Plastic membranes On sites wi
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Use of seed bombs ‘Seed bombs’
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Experience has shown that the most
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9.10.2 Creation of niches for plant
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Meade, R. & Wheeler, B.D. 2007. Rai
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- On-going measurement of the effec
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with appropriate training. Providin
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10.3 Biological monitoring techniqu
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Undesirable species for key NVC com
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10.3.3 Vegetation Mapping An initia
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It is good practise to record with
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10.4 Biological monitoring techniqu
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for Ornithology, the Bat Conservati
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Box 2: Construction, installation a
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10.8 Monitoring surface water flows
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- Phytometric tests measure how wel
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Storage of data and information on
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period, simply because it is design
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Another consideration is the likely
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11.1 An historical perspective Poll
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Inviting volunteer involvement in f
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11.3.3 Stakeholders ‘Stakeholders
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have been designated under access a
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11.6.4 Boardwalks Boardwalks are no
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11.6.5 Water borne access Waterways
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- Explore opportunities to stimulat
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Case Study 11.1 Fens and people - S
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Case Study 11.2 Fens and People - H
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12. Fens from an Economic Perspecti
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12.1.3 Biomass energy and Biofuels
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12.2 Environmental regulation 12.2.
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the peat carbon store is depleted t
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Another mechanism for funding wetla
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Whitlaw Mosses in Scotland (see det
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12.8 References Dickie, I., Hughes,
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Nitrogen fixation conversion of gas
Page 273 and 274: Appendix III - List of species refe
Page 275 and 276: Table 1 - Mammal species associated
Page 277 and 278: 280 Bittern Botaurus stellaris All
Page 279 and 280: Grasshopper Warbler 282 Locustella
Page 281 and 282: Table 4 - Fish species associated w
Page 283 and 284: Table 5 - Legally protected inverte
Page 285 and 286: 288 Community Topogenous fens S24 P
Page 287 and 288: 290 Community S8 Scirpus lacustris
Page 289 and 290: 292 Community M11 Carex demissa - S
Page 291 and 292: 294 Community M23 Juncus effusus /
Page 293 and 294: Appendix V - Legal and regulatory c
Page 295 and 296: 298 Type of Works Guidance for UK C
Page 297 and 298: Appendix VI - Fen management for br
Page 299 and 300: However, three of the four species
Page 301 and 302: Sensitive periods Harvest mice bree
Page 303 and 304: species like bittern, and then drop
Page 305 and 306: Sensitive periods Species breed wit
Page 307 and 308: Great Crested Newt Great crested ne
Page 309 and 310: Appendix VIII - Fen management for
Page 311 and 312: Mollusca (snails, slugs and mussels
Page 313 and 314: Other than for rare or exceptional
Page 315 and 316: There is usually some degree of sub
Page 317 and 318: Management requirements for protect
Page 319 and 320: Appendix IX - Further reading Secti
Page 321 and 322: Koerselman, W., Bakker, S.A. & Blom
Page 323: Section 5: Fen Management and Resto
Page 327 and 328: Index A access 103, 110, 190, 226,
Page 329: cutting 114 disposal 117 management
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Fen Management Handbook - Scottish Natural Heritage

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