Fen Management Handbook - Scottish Natural Heritage

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Ross, S.M. 1995. Overview of the hydrochemistry and solute processes in British wetlands. In: J. Hughes & L. Heathwaite, eds. Hydrology and Hydrochemistry of British Wetlands. Chichester: Wiley, pp. 133-181. Sharpley, A.N., Foy, R.H. & Withers, P.A. 2000. Practical and innovation measures in the control of agricultural phosphorus losses to water: an overview. Journal of Environmental Quality, 29, 1-9. Shaw, S.C. & Wheeler, B.D. 1991. A review of habitat conditions and management characteristics of herbaceous fen vegetation types in lowland Britain. Unpublished report to the Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough. Smith, K.A., Jackson, D.R. & Withers, P.J.A. 2001. Nutrient losses by surface runoff following the application of organic manures to arable land. 2. Phosphorus. Environmental Pollution, 122, 53-60. UK-CHM. 2000. Reduction of Nutrient Input to Aquatic Systems. Unpublished report by the University of Georgia. Van der Hoek, K. & Heijmans, M.M.P.D. 2007. Effectiveness of turf stripping as a measure for restoring species-rich fen meadows in suboptimal hydrological conditions. Restoration Ecology, 15 (4), 627-637. Van Wirdum, G. 1981. Linking up the natec subsystem in models for the water management. Proceedings and Information/TNO Committee on Hydrological Research, 27, 108-128. Verhoeven, J.T.A, Schmitz, M.B. 1991. Control of plant growth by nitrogen and phosphorus in mesotrophic fens. Biogeochemistry, 12. 135-148. Vermeer, J.G. 1986. The effects of nutrients on shoot biomass and species composition of wetlands and hayfield communities. Acta Oecol./Oecologia Plantarum, 7, 31-41. Wassen, M. 1990. Water Flow as a Major Landscape Ecological Factor in Fen Development. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Utrecht, Netherlands. Wassen, M.J. Van der Vliet R.E. & Verhoeven J.T.A. 1998. Nutrient limitation in the Biebrza fens and floodplain (Poland). Acta Botanica Neerlandica, 47, 241-253. Weltzin, J.F., Keller, J.K., Bridgham, S.D., Pastor, J, Allen, P.B. & Chen, J. 2005. Litter controls plant community composition in a northern fen. Oikos, 110 (3), 537-556. Wheeler, B.D. & Proctor, M.C.F. (2000). Ecological gradients, subdivisions and terminology of northwest European Mires – Essay Review. Journal of Ecology, 88, 187-203. Wheeler, B.D., Al-Farraj, M.M. & Cook, R.E.D. 1985. Iron toxicity to plants in base-rich wetlands: comparative effects on the distribution and growth of Epilobium hirsutum L. and Juncus subnodulosus Schrank. New Phytologist, 100, 653-669. Wheeler, B.D., Gowing, D.J.G., Shaw, S.C., Mountford, J.O. & Money, R.P. 2004. Ecohydrological Guidelines for Lowland Wetland Plant Communities. Environment Agency (Anglian Region). Xiong, S., Johannson, M.E., Hughes, R.M.R., Hayes, A., Richards, K.S. & Nilsson, C. 2003. Interactive effects of soil moisture, vegetation canopy, plant litter and seed addition on plant diversity in a wetland community. Journal of Ecology, 91, 976-986. Yates, P., & Sheridan, J.M. 1983. Estimating the effectiveness of vegetated floodplains/wetlands as nitrate-nitrite and orthophosphorus filters. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 9, 303- 314. 325
Section 5: Fen Management and Restoration Boyce, D.C., 2004. A review of the invertebrate assemblage of acid mires. English Nature Research Report 592, Natural England, Peterborough. ISBN 0967-876X Broads Authority, 2004. A supplement to the Fen Management Strategy, Incorporating the Fen Audit. Prepared by Sue Stephenson, edited by Sandie Tolhurst. Charman, D.J. (2001) Biostratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental applications of testate amoebae. Quaternary Science Reviews, 20, 1753-1764. Forestry Commission, (undated). New Forest wetland management plan (2006 - 2016). Practitioners’ guide. New Forest LIFE project. Hobbs, R. J. & Lindenmayer, D. B., eds. 2007. Managing and Designing Landscapes for Conservation. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Perrow, M & Davy, A eds. 2002. Handbook of Ecological Restoration. Volume 2: Restoration in Practice. Cambridge University Press Sutherland, J. & Hill, D. eds. 1995. Managing Habitats for Conservation. Cambridge University Press. Treweek, J & Sheail, J. 1991. Wetland Restoration: Techniques for an Integrated Approach. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology. Ward, D., Holmes, N & Jose, P., eds. 1994. The New Rivers and Wildlife Handbook. RSPB, Sandy. Section 6: Fen Vegetation Management Galatowitsch, S.M. & van der Valk, A.G. 1995. Natural revegetation during restoration of wetlands in the Southern Prairie Pothole Region of North America. In: Restoration of Temperate Wetlands (eds. B.D. Wheeler, S.C. Shaw, W.J. Fojt & R.A. Robertson), pp. 129-142. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. Grootjans, A. P., Hunneman, H., Verkiel, H., and Van Andel, J., Long-term effects of drainage on species richness of a fen meadow at different spatial scales. Basic Applied Ecology, 6, 185- 193. 2005. Scottish Natural Heritage, 1997. Wetland management for nature conservation. Information and Advisory Note 82, Scottish Natural Heritage. Section 7: Fen Water Management Burgess, N. & Hirons, G. 1990. Management Case Study: Techniques of Hydrological Management at Coastal Lagoons and Lowland wet grasslands on RSPB reserves. RSPB. Forestry Commission. Undated. New Forest wetland management plan (2006 - 2016). Practitioners’ guide. New Forest LIFE project. Horner, R. & Bowell, H. 2003. Will Leighton Moss boom again? Conservation Land Management 1 (3), 8-11. Hume, C. 2008. Wetland Vision Technical Document: overview and reporting of project philosophy and technical approach. The Wetland Vision Partnership. Koerselman, W. & Verhoeven, J.T.A. 1995. Eutrophication of fen ecosystems: external and internal sources and restoration strategies. In: Restoration of Temperate Wetlands (eds. B.D. Wheeler, S.C. Shaw, W.J. Fojt & R.A. Robertson), pp. 91-112. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. Newbold, C. & Mountford, O. 1997. Water level requirements of selected plants and animals, English Nature Freshwater Series No. 5. 326
Page 1 and 2:
The Fen Management Handbook Edited
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Acknowledgements Production of the
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1. Introduction and Basic Principle
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Estimates of the original coverage
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Guiding principles for fen manageme
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Section 12: Fens from an Economic P
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2.1 Diversity and conservation sign
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Part of Cropple How Mire in Cumbria
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The moss flora of base-rich springs
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Bog bean growing in a transitional
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Mesotrophic openwater transition fe
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Water shrews (Neomys fodiens), also
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2.4.1 Vegetated margins of open wat
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2.4.3 Grazed or cut fen in floodpla
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2.6 Amphibians Amphibians are depen
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The mud snail Omphiscola glabra (12
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Old trees and dead wood Continuous
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Vascular plants Flat-sedge Blysmus
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3. Understanding Fen Hydrology Quan
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Groundwater discharge to fens is us
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Water Table 3.4.1.4 Spring fed fen
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3.5 Factors determining fen type 3.
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- Flooding - frequency and magnitud
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3.7 Further information and advice
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Groundwater inflow. Groundwater lev
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It is likely that groundwater disch
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Case Study 3.3 Hydro(geo)logical im
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4. Understanding Fen Nutrients Nutr
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nutrients. For example, at high con
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4.2.1 Groundwater and surface water
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4.2.3 Point and diffuse sources of
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Area of acute nutrient enrichment o
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4.4 Classifying water chemistry usi
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4.6 Identifying nutrient enrichment
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Negative indicator species for diff
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Many of the floristic changes which
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Case Study 4.1 Understanding Fen Nu
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5.1 Why do fens need management? In
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5.2 Checklist of key stages in deci
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5.3.3 Scale Although fens are linke
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5.4 Site survey to establish what i
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variability and how these relate to
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- The fauna which inhabit the fen c
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- Prioritise objectives to achieve
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inundation are less likely to be sp
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5.13 References Barsoum, N., Anders
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Case Study 5.2 Fen Management and R
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- 14km of livestock fencing install
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Case Study 5.3 Fen Management and R
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6. Fen Management and Restoration -
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Both the benefits and potentially l
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Cattle forced by flooding to the ed
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At low/medium stocking density, cat
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Goats have narrow muzzles and a fle
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Fens usually feature a range of dif
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Excessive poaching where cattle hav
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extensive areas of wetlands which w
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‘Soft track’ machines, such as
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The design of the pipeline allows f
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Protocol for burning standing reedb
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Long rotation scrub clearance may b
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‘Bird-eye’ and incineration A t
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6.7 Restoring fen meadow Many forme
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Current Management The current mana
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Case Study 6.2 Fen Vegetation Manag
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species diversity of wetland passer
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The temptation to burn large areas
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Outcomes In the eight years that th
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Anglesey sites is now underway supp
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Close grazed short sward of sedges
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Turf cutting Turf cutting has been
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7.1 A framework to assist decision
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Surface water level change e.g. - a
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and the surface to acidify, resulti
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Smaller excavations are preferable
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Morton Lochs, which extend to appro
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Although shallow excavations are pr
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At Leighton Moss in Lancashire, are
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Excavating spoil within the area to
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uilt dams can only be formed in dit
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Case Study 7.1 Fen Water Management
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8. Managing Fen Nutrient Enrichment
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Summary table of key techniques for
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8.2 Managing the source of nutrient
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Marginal interceptor ditch at Cors
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8.3.4 Bund creation In some cases i
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emoval or soil stripping, both of w
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8.5 Monitoring nutrient reduction D
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Recent photo of stripped surface sh
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9.1 Scope for fen creation The Grea
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9.3 What type of fen? New fens can
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9.5 Restraints on fen creation Plan
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9.6 Check list of issues to conside
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9.7 Site assessment Planning and de
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LIDAR maps can provide a general un
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generally more acidic than silts an
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Site visits and careful assessment
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9.8.4 Plastic membranes On sites wi
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Use of seed bombs ‘Seed bombs’
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Experience has shown that the most
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9.10.2 Creation of niches for plant
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Meade, R. & Wheeler, B.D. 2007. Rai
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- On-going measurement of the effec
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with appropriate training. Providin
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10.3 Biological monitoring techniqu
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Undesirable species for key NVC com
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10.3.3 Vegetation Mapping An initia
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It is good practise to record with
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10.4 Biological monitoring techniqu
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for Ornithology, the Bat Conservati
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Box 2: Construction, installation a
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10.8 Monitoring surface water flows
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- Phytometric tests measure how wel
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Storage of data and information on
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period, simply because it is design
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Another consideration is the likely
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11.1 An historical perspective Poll
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Inviting volunteer involvement in f
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11.3.3 Stakeholders ‘Stakeholders
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have been designated under access a
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11.6.4 Boardwalks Boardwalks are no
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11.6.5 Water borne access Waterways
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- Explore opportunities to stimulat
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Case Study 11.1 Fens and people - S
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Case Study 11.2 Fens and People - H
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12. Fens from an Economic Perspecti
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12.1.3 Biomass energy and Biofuels
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12.2 Environmental regulation 12.2.
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the peat carbon store is depleted t
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Another mechanism for funding wetla
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Whitlaw Mosses in Scotland (see det
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12.8 References Dickie, I., Hughes,
Page 271 and 272: Nitrogen fixation conversion of gas
Page 273 and 274: Appendix III - List of species refe
Page 275 and 276: Table 1 - Mammal species associated
Page 277 and 278: 280 Bittern Botaurus stellaris All
Page 279 and 280: Grasshopper Warbler 282 Locustella
Page 281 and 282: Table 4 - Fish species associated w
Page 283 and 284: Table 5 - Legally protected inverte
Page 285 and 286: 288 Community Topogenous fens S24 P
Page 287 and 288: 290 Community S8 Scirpus lacustris
Page 289 and 290: 292 Community M11 Carex demissa - S
Page 291 and 292: 294 Community M23 Juncus effusus /
Page 293 and 294: Appendix V - Legal and regulatory c
Page 295 and 296: 298 Type of Works Guidance for UK C
Page 297 and 298: Appendix VI - Fen management for br
Page 299 and 300: However, three of the four species
Page 301 and 302: Sensitive periods Harvest mice bree
Page 303 and 304: species like bittern, and then drop
Page 305 and 306: Sensitive periods Species breed wit
Page 307 and 308: Great Crested Newt Great crested ne
Page 309 and 310: Appendix VIII - Fen management for
Page 311 and 312: Mollusca (snails, slugs and mussels
Page 313 and 314: Other than for rare or exceptional
Page 315 and 316: There is usually some degree of sub
Page 317 and 318: Management requirements for protect
Page 319 and 320: Appendix IX - Further reading Secti
Page 321: Koerselman, W., Bakker, S.A. & Blom
Page 325 and 326: Patzelt, A, Wild, U. and Jörg Pfad
Page 327 and 328: Index A access 103, 110, 190, 226,
Page 329: cutting 114 disposal 117 management
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