BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES - Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie

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Conversion model: We throw away the old stereotype and start again. This is often used when there is significant disconfirming evidence. Subtyping model: We create a new stereotype that is a subclassification of the existing stereotype, particularly when we can draw a boundary around the sub-class. Thus if we have a stereotype for Americans, a visit to New York may result in us having a ‘New Yorkers are different’ sub-type. Our society often innocently creates and perpetuates stereotypes, but these stereotypes often lead to unfair discrimination and persecution when the stereotype is unfavorable. When we judge people and groups based on our prejudices and stereotypes and treat them differently, we are engaging in stigmatization and discrimination. Stigmatization Stigma is a Greek word that in its origins referred to a kind of tattoo mark that was cut or burned into the skin of criminals, slaves, or traitors in order to visibly identify them as blemished or morally polluted persons. These individuals were to be avoided or shunned, particularly in public places. Modern American usage of the words stigma and stigmatization refers to an invisible sign of disapproval which permits "insiders" to draw a line around the "outsiders" in order to demarcate the limits of inclusion in any group. The demarcation permits "insiders to know who is "in" and who is "out" and allows the group to maintain its solidarity by demonstrating what happen to those who deviate from accepted norms of conduct. Stigmatization is an issue of disempowerment and social injustice. In this context, stigma is considered to be a powerful social control tool applied through the marginalization, exclusion, and exercise of power over individuals who present particular characteristics. Stigma exists when four specific components converge: 1. Individuals differentiate and label human variations. 2. Prevailing cultural beliefs tie those labeled to adverse attributes. 3. Labeled individuals are placed in distinguished groups that serve to establish a sense of disconnection between "us" and "them". 4. Labeled individuals experience "status loss and discrimination" that leads to unequal circumstances. Stigma and health Stigma is typically a social process, experienced or anticipated, characterized by exclusion, rejection, blame or devaluation that results 119
from experience, perception or reasonable anticipation of an adverse social judgment about a person or group. This judgment is based on an enduring feature of identity conferred by a health problem or health-related condition, and the judgment is in some essential way medically unwarranted. In addition to its application to persons or a group, the discriminatory social judgment may also be applied to the disease or designated health problem itself with repercussions in social and health policy. Many conditions and symptoms from nervous ticks and stuttering to tuberculosis and leprosy carry stigmatizing connotations. It is more expedient to focus here on several illnesses in some details. Patients with HIV Stereotypes about HIV that are commonplace among the general public are also evident in a surprising number of clinical staff. More than 25 years after its discovery, HIV still has the power to generate a broad array of stigmatizing behavior. People infected with HIV have previously labeled dealing with stigma as the most significant social and psychological challenge of the HIV experience. Sufferers' experiences were categorized by the type of stigmatizing behavior that they experienced most often in the presence of health-care personnel. These categories were: lack of eye contact; assuming physical distance; using disdainful voice tone or inflection; asking confrontational questions; showing irritation, anger, nervousness, fear or panic; taking excessive precautions; scaring, mocking, blaming or ignoring patients; providing substandard care or denying care, and being generally abusive. Patients with mental illnesses Patients with mental illnesses are stigmatized and suffer adverse consequences such as increased social isolation, limited life chances, and decreased access to treatment. In addition to poorer social functioning as assessed by housing and employment status, those with the stigma of mental illness also encounter a significant barrier to obtaining general medical care and to recovery from mental illness. Stigma also affects family members of persons with mental illness. Obese persons Negative attitudes toward obese persons are pervasive in contemporary society. Numerous studies have documented harmful weightbased stereotypes that overweight and obese individuals are lazy, weak-willed, unsuccessful, unintelligent, lack self-discipline, have poor willpower, and are noncompliant with weightloss treatment. These 120
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STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PH
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CZU 316.62+ 316.77 (075.8) G 76 Apr
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6.4 Barriers and Solutions for an E
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1.1. Behavior as a Concept Introduc
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Although it usually emphasizes the
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example of how important the nervou
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in order to satisfy it. The further
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arrangements of ideas accordingly w
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To clarify the concept of emotions,
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we have to mention the concert fact
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3. Maladaptiveness of behavior. Thi
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the information through to the righ
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4. Autism Autism (from the Greek wo
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2. Milliken Mary Elizabeth, Honeycu
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Some of the fundamental characteris
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Sanguine The Sanguine temperament p
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These basic elements he named endom
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Other people were strong in two ele
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The Extreme Mesotonic - Action They
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intent expression. They have a late
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An extravert is energized when arou
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The Introverted Intuition Type - is
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► Exercises and Discussions: a. G
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person separate from other persons
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In relation to the stratification o
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3.3. Health Care as a Social System
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of community health workers who wor
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The scope of practice for a Nurse P
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undergoing minor or intermediate pr
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is cured, then they will all remain
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Obligations: (1) The sick person sh
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transitional. Szasz and Hollender's
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All these approaches mentioned abov
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accurate and as unbiased a manner a
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