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to communicate with patients with a chronic or complex disease, a terminal illness or those for whom there is no diagnosis. Under these circumstances more effort must be made to communicate with the patient sensitively. In some cases an explanation of the patient’s illness will need to be paced over several sessions in order to suit the patient or family’s emotional or cognitive ability to attend to, comprehend or incorporate the information. Patients themselves may have communication difficulties such as those with sensory impairments or speech problems, those with language barriers or learning difficulties, and patients from different ethnic groups. Communication with patients’ relatives is also commonly required. To provide appropriate care, doctors must possess the appropriate skills to communicate sensitively with people, irrespective of cultural, social, religious or regional differences. In patient-doctor interaction the main responsibility for cultural sensitivity and understanding rests with the doctor. It is, therefore, imperative that medical education includes intercultural communication training. In all doctor-patient interactions a variety of communication skills will be required for different phases of the consultation. During the start of a consultation, doctors must establish a rapport and identify the reasons for the consultation. They must go on to gather information, structure the consultation, build on the relationship and provide appropriate information. A number of healthcare trends are increasing the need for strong communication skills in medicine. In relation to communication with patients, an increasing focus on shared decision making and communication of risk are two of the most important factors. For example, communication skills can help healthcare staff to explain the results of epidemiological studies or clinical trials to individual patients in ways that can help patients to understand risk. Doctors can do this more effectively if they develop relationships with their patients and if they take into account knowledge and perceptions of health risks in the general public. Benefits of good communication can be identified for both doctors and patients: Benefits for patients • The doctor-patient relationship is improved. The doctor is better able to seek the relevant information and recognize the problems of the patient by way of interaction and attentive listening. As a result, the patient’s problems may be identified more accurately. 83
• Good communication helps the patient to recall information and comply with treatment instructions thereby improving patient satisfaction. • Good communication may improve patient health and outcomes. Better communication and dialogue by means of reiteration and repetition between doctor and patient has a beneficial effect in terms of promoting better emotional health, resolution of symptoms and pain control. • The overall quality of care may be improved by ensuring that patients ‘views and wishes are taken into account as a mutual process in decision making. • Good communication is likely to reduce the incidence of clinical error. Benefits for doctors • Effective communication skills may relieve doctors of some of the pressures of dealing with the difficult situations encountered in this emotionally demanding profession. Problematic communication with patients is thought to contribute to emotional burn-out and low personal accomplishment in doctors as well as high psychological morbidity. Being able to communicate competently may also enhance job satisfaction. • Patients are less likely to complain if doctors communicate well. There is, therefore, a reduced likelihood of doctors being sued ( of medical malpractice). The importance of good communication in medical team Good communication within the healthcare team is essential in order to ensure continuity of care and effective treatment for patients. Moreover, poor communication between professional staff has been identified as an underlying factor for failed communication with patients. For example, a patient may be given different information regarding their condition by different members of the healthcare team. In today’s health care system, delivery processes involve numerous interfaces and patient handoffs among multiple health care practitioners with varying levels of educational and occupational training. During the course of a 4-day hospital stay, a patient may interact with 50 different employees, including physicians, nurses, technicians, and others. Effective clinical practice thus involves Successful Teamwork. Components of Successful Teamwork are as follow: - Non-punitive environment, - Clear direction; - Clear and known roles and tasks for team members; 84
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STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PH
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CZU 316.62+ 316.77 (075.8) G 76 Apr
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6.4 Barriers and Solutions for an E
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1.1. Behavior as a Concept Introduc
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Although it usually emphasizes the
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example of how important the nervou
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in order to satisfy it. The further
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arrangements of ideas accordingly w
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To clarify the concept of emotions,
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we have to mention the concert fact
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3. Maladaptiveness of behavior. Thi
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the information through to the righ
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4. Autism Autism (from the Greek wo
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2. Milliken Mary Elizabeth, Honeycu
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Some of the fundamental characteris
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Sanguine The Sanguine temperament p
Page 33 and 34: These basic elements he named endom
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Page 41 and 42: An extravert is energized when arou
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Page 45 and 46: ► Exercises and Discussions: a. G
Page 47 and 48: person separate from other persons
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Page 53 and 54: of community health workers who wor
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Page 59 and 60: is cured, then they will all remain
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Page 75 and 76: Communication as understanding: “
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Page 89 and 90: Metacommunication and Cultural Diff
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Page 109 and 110: Anything that is exaggerated or ove
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7.1. The Concept of Culture Behavio
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actor that you are proper, polite,
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diverse communities. The difference
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making unpopular decisions which ne
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Identify a safe place to meet and n
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develop. One should respond slowly
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146 Chapter 8 Health Risk Behaviors
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Smoking Smoking is a major cause of
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2. If person becomes addicted, the
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Hong Kong, physical inactivity can
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weight gain a likely possibility, s
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contemporary social conditions. Dem
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5. Sketch a list of healthy lifesty
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