BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES - Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie

More documents

Recommendations

Info

categories of feedback. They are listed in the order in which they occur most frequently in daily conversations. o Evaluative: Making a judgment about the worth, goodness, or appropriateness of the other person's statement. o Interpretive: Paraphrasing - attempting to explain what the other person's statement means. o Supportive: Attempting to assist or bolster the other communicator. o Probing: Attempting to gain additional information, continue the discussion, or clarify a point. o Understanding: Attempting to discover completely what the other communicator means by her statements. 4.3. Communication Functions What we are communicating for? There are many significant and much elaborated answers to this interrogation. In what proceed will be exposed the most famous of them, that introduced by the Russian- American linguist, Roman Jakobson (1960). Jakobson distinguishes six communication functions, each associated with a dimension of the communication process: context, message, sender, receiver, channel, code. Jakobson allocates a communicative function to each of the components. The referential function refers to the context. Here we have the function emphasizing that communication is always dealing with something contextual, referential (the dominant function in a message like 'Water boils at 100 degrees'). The referential function of communication is illustrated via the words: this, that, those etc. The poetic function is allocated to the message and puts 'the focus on the message for its own sake'. Messages convey more than just the content. They always contain a creative 'touch' of our own. These additions have no purpose other than to make the message "nicer". Rhetorical figures, pitch or loudness are some aspects of the poetic function. The emotive function focuses on the sender, as in the interjections 'Bah!' and 'Oh!'. The sender's own attitude towards the content of the message is emphasized. Examples are emphatic speech or interjections (exclamation). 79
The conative function is allocated to the addressee (imperatives and apostrophes). It is directed towards the addressee. One example is the vocative or appellative, imperative, interrogation. The phatic function helps to establish contact, prolong or discontinue communication and refers to the channel of communication. Some of these utterances only serve to maintain contact between two speakers, for instance via repetition, or confirm whether the contact is still there (as in 'Hello?'). The metalinguistic function deals with the code itself; is used to establish mutual agreement on the code. This is the function of language about language (for example, a definition). This whole reader is an example of metalanguage. We use it to examine the code. The metalinguistic function is also predominant in questions like "Sorry, what did you say?" where the code is misunderstood and needs correction or clarification. Naturally, several functions may be active simultaneously in utterances. To find out which function predominates requires analysis. In a proper analysis, we start by determining whether each of the functions of language is present or absent. In theory, each factor is necessary to communication. This does not necessarily mean that each function is always present. We will assume that while one or more – or even all – of the functions of language may be absent in short units (such as an isolated sign), lengthy units can activate all of them. Where more than one function is present, we will establish either: (1) a simple hierarchy, by identifying the dominant function and not ranking the other functions, or (2) a complex hierarchy, by specifying the degree of presence of some or all of the functions. Various criteria can be used to establish the functional hierarchy. For example, Arcand and Bourbeau (1995) use an intention-based criterion: "The dominant function is the one that answers the question, 'With what intention was this message transmitted?' and [...] the secondary functions are there to support it." We must distinguish the intention associated with each fragment from the overall intention, which is "a sentence or series of sentences that corresponds to an intention" (1995). Since the intention can be hidden, the function that is dominant in terms of overt degree of presence may not be dominant in terms of intention. Arcand and Bourbeau also distinguish between direct and indirect manifestations of intention, which correlate to the opposition between 80
Page 1 and 2:
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PH
Page 3 and 4:
CZU 316.62+ 316.77 (075.8) G 76 Apr
Page 5 and 6:
6.4 Barriers and Solutions for an E
Page 7 and 8:
1.1. Behavior as a Concept Introduc
Page 9 and 10:
Although it usually emphasizes the
Page 11 and 12:
example of how important the nervou
Page 13 and 14:
in order to satisfy it. The further
Page 15 and 16:
arrangements of ideas accordingly w
Page 17 and 18:
To clarify the concept of emotions,
Page 19 and 20:
we have to mention the concert fact
Page 21 and 22:
3. Maladaptiveness of behavior. Thi
Page 23 and 24:
the information through to the righ
Page 25 and 26:
4. Autism Autism (from the Greek wo
Page 27 and 28:
2. Milliken Mary Elizabeth, Honeycu
Page 29 and 30: Some of the fundamental characteris
Page 31 and 32: Sanguine The Sanguine temperament p
Page 33 and 34: These basic elements he named endom
Page 35 and 36: Other people were strong in two ele
Page 37 and 38: The Extreme Mesotonic - Action They
Page 39 and 40: intent expression. They have a late
Page 41 and 42: An extravert is energized when arou
Page 43 and 44: The Introverted Intuition Type - is
Page 45 and 46: ► Exercises and Discussions: a. G
Page 47 and 48: person separate from other persons
Page 49 and 50: In relation to the stratification o
Page 51 and 52: 3.3. Health Care as a Social System
Page 53 and 54: of community health workers who wor
Page 55 and 56: The scope of practice for a Nurse P
Page 57 and 58: undergoing minor or intermediate pr
Page 59 and 60: is cured, then they will all remain
Page 61 and 62: Obligations: (1) The sick person sh
Page 63 and 64: transitional. Szasz and Hollender's
Page 65 and 66: All these approaches mentioned abov
Page 67 and 68: accurate and as unbiased a manner a
Page 69 and 70: health care facilities, pharmaceuti
Page 71 and 72: professional, or they may have few
Page 73 and 74: users of self-medication are well i
Page 75 and 76: Communication as understanding: “
Page 77 and 78: developed his ideas in a 1963 book
Page 79: perception, unclear message, social
Page 83 and 84: the community. Nowadays Health comm
Page 85 and 86: • Good communication helps the pa
Page 87 and 88: The efficiency in accomplishment of
Page 89 and 90: Metacommunication and Cultural Diff
Page 91 and 92: constructed communication systems s
Page 93 and 94: During intense verbal abuse, the vi
Page 95 and 96: style of delivering a message - for
Page 97 and 98: o Many Asian cultures suppress faci
Page 99 and 100: or a decrease in a backwards lean a
Page 101 and 102: There are some cultural differences
Page 103 and 104: music affect the behavior of commun
Page 105 and 106: conversations at the same time, and
Page 107 and 108: the information sent when trying to
Page 109 and 110: Anything that is exaggerated or ove
Page 111 and 112: 4. Describe the elements of body la
Page 113 and 114: Will eat anything. Especially likes
Page 115 and 116: taken from the message (instruction
Page 117 and 118: development as effective communicat
Page 119 and 120: family. In many cases, these stereo
Page 121 and 122: from experience, perception or reas
Page 123 and 124: Indirect discrimination is often le
Page 125 and 126: Russification: Under the Russian Em
Page 127 and 128: about what they are going to say ne
Page 129 and 130: "You are frustrated because dealing
Page 131 and 132:
human failings, such as tiredness a
Page 133 and 134:
conflict, and ambiguity and struggl
Page 135 and 136:
7.1. The Concept of Culture Behavio
Page 137 and 138:
actor that you are proper, polite,
Page 139 and 140:
diverse communities. The difference
Page 141 and 142:
making unpopular decisions which ne
Page 143 and 144:
Identify a safe place to meet and n
Page 145 and 146:
develop. One should respond slowly
Page 147 and 148:
146 Chapter 8 Health Risk Behaviors
Page 149 and 150:
Smoking Smoking is a major cause of
Page 151 and 152:
2. If person becomes addicted, the
Page 153 and 154:
Hong Kong, physical inactivity can
Page 155 and 156:
weight gain a likely possibility, s
Page 157 and 158:
contemporary social conditions. Dem
Page 159:
5. Sketch a list of healthy lifesty
show all

BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES - Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?